KEY
a. past perfect (the knife was put down once the food had been cut up)
b. used to; would (used to use special spoons; people would more often share forks with others)
c. modal verbs (as well they might have done; scooping with them must have been impossible)
d. present perfect (have been used for over 2,000 years)
e. is thought to have been used (past passive infinitive)
f. was being carved at table (past continuous passive)
were satirised / these were now shortened … / the fork was then used / the knife was kept (simple past passives)
g. had been making forks (past perfect continuous)
were successfully introducing (past continuous)
as we have been doing ever since (present perfect continuous)
h. spread (spread); strove (strive); done (do); bore (bear); seen (see); sought (seek).
p 180
- First light: the time when light first appears in the morning. Dawn, daybreak. E.g. We left at first light.
Ex 4
A tine is the technical term for the prong of a fork.
Tine: any of the points or sharp parts of, for example, a fork or the antlers of a deer. Prong. E.g. A fourth tine was added later.
KEY
a. tools
Implement: /ˈɪmplɪment/a tool or an instrument, often one that is quite simple and that is used outdoors.Instrumento, herramienta. E.g. Agricultural implements.
b. list
inventory /ˈɪnvəntri/ a written list of all the objects, furniture, etc. in a particular building. E.g. an inventory of the museum's contents
c. female-like behaviour: used to show disapprovalEffeminate: /ɪˈfemɪnət/ (adj) looking, behaving or sounding like a woman or a girl.
Effeminacy: /ɪˈfemɪnəsi/ (n). E.g. King Henry III of France and his companions were satirised for their fork-wielding effeminacy.
d. picking up
Scoop: (v) to move or lift something with a scoop or something like a scoop. E.g. She scooped ice cream into their bowls. First, scoop a hole in the soil. Scoop out the melon flesh.
Scoop: (n) a tool like a large spoon with a deep bowl, used for picking up substances in powder form like flour, or for serving food like ice cream. E.g. Use an ice-cream scoop.
e. fussy or ultra-careful
Fastidious: /fæˈstɪdiəs/ 1. being careful that every detail of something is correct. Meticulous. E.g. Everything was planned in fastidious detail. He was fastidious in his preparation for the big day. 2. Not liking things to be dirty or untidy. E.g. She wasn't very fastidious about personal hygiene.
f. sin
g. still / without moving
h. spread (widely)
i. changing
j. fashionable
vogue: /vəʊɡ/ a fashion for something. E.g. Black is in vogue again.
Ex 5
KEY
a. was thought
had mastered
Carving: the art of making objects by cutting away material from wood or stone. Sp. Escultura. E.g. stone/wooden carvings. There is some fine carving on the facade. The art of carving.
b. have carved
Carve: 1. to make objects, patterns, etc. by cutting away material from wood or stone. Tallar. E.g. The statue was carved out of a single piece of stone. 2. To cut a large piece of cooked meat into smaller pieces for eating. Cortar, trinchar. E.g. Who's going to carve the turkey?
was carried out
c. have always insisted
should be torn
arose
is/was dressed
may/might/can/could react
React: to experience a chemical change when coming into contact with another substance. E.g. Iron reacts with water and air to produce rust.
d. had murdered
The Furies /ˈfjʊəriz/ [plural] (in ancient Greek stories): three goddesses who punish people for their crimes. E.g. Immediately after this, the avenging goddesses called Furies torment Orestes to the point of insanity.
was given
Orestes: /ɒˈrestiːz/ the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. He killed his mother and her lover Aegisthus to avenge his father’s murder.
ate
drank
e. continued
Live-in: living in the house where they work. E.g. A live-in nanny
Household: (n) all the people living together in a house or flat/apartment. E.g. Most households now own at least one car. Low-income/ one-parent, etc. households. The head of the household. (adj) household bills/ chores/ goods (= connected with looking after a house and the people living in it. Sp. Doméstico)
had started / had been starting
f. have been supported
Tier: /tɪə(r)/ a row or layer of something that has several rows or layers placed one above the other. Hilera superpuesta (grada), piso. E.g. A wedding cake with three tiers. The seating is arranged in tiers.
have been chosen
Upturned: /ˌʌpˈtɜːnd/ turned upside down. E.g. She sat on an upturned box.
Champagne: /ʃæmˈpeɪn/
Ex 6
Tip: use more compound adjectives in your writing and speaking, to show language range.
Suggested answers
1
Spoon-feed: 1. to teach people something in a way that gives them too much help and does not make them think for themselves. E.g. The students here do not expect to be spoon-fed. They had information spoon-fed to them. 2. To feed somebody, especially a baby, with a spoon. E.g. To spoon-feed an orphan baby lamb.
a. an orphan baby lamb
b. an undergraduate
c. junior staff
2
Knife-edge: the sharp edge of a knife. Sp. Filo de cuchillo. E.g. The knife edge was sharp and cut through the thick vegetables with ease. On a knife-edge: 1. finely balanced between success and failure. Sp. Estar pendiente de un hilo. E.g. The economy is balanced on a knife-edge. 2. Very worried or anxious about the result of something. E.g. He's living on a knife-edge, waiting for the test results. 3. Extremely precarious situation. Sp. Filo de la navaja. The economy is on a knife-edge.
a. about to be impeached
Impeach: /ɪmˈpiːtʃ/ to charge an important public figure with a serious crime. E.g. The president is about to be impeached.
b. hyper-inflation
c. risking disqualification
3
a. a company plaque
Plaque: /plæk/ a flat piece of stone, metal, etc, usually with a name and dates on, attached to a wall in memory of a person or an event. Sp. Placa. E.g. A bronze plaque marks the house where the poet was born.
b. a bathroom tap
c. a pen
Gold-plated: covered with a thin layer of gold. E.g. Gold-plated earrings.
4
Foil: metal made into very thin sheets that is used for covering or wrapping things, especially food. Sp. Papel de aluminio: E.g. Cover the fish loosely with foil and bake for 30 minutes.
a. to hold it together
b. to prevent it smelling
c. to keep them hot
5
Sugar-coated: covered with sugar. Sp. Cubierto de azúcar. E.g. Sugar-coated cakes.
a. ice cream
b. oranges
c. some types of yogurt
6
a. a tiger
Flesh-eating: carnivorous /kɑːˈnɪvərəs/. E.g. Tigers are flesh-eating animals.
b. a football hooligan
Swill something (down): (informal) to drink something quickly and/or in large quantities. Sp. Beber a grandes tragos. E.g.They sat round the table swilling beer. My girlfriend's parents thought I was a beer swilling lager lout until they met me, such is the bad reputation us, English have in Spain. Beer-swilling: Sp. bebedor de cerveza.
c. a vampire
7
a. a dish
b. a recipe
Foolproof: very well designed and easy to use so that it cannot fail and you cannot use it wrongly. Sp. Infalible, fácil de manejar. E.g. This recipe is foolproof—it works every time. No system can ever be completely foolproof.
c. a jar of baby food (to prevent criminal activity)Tamper-proof: something that is tamper-proof is specially designed so that it cannot be easily changed or damaged. Sp. A prueba de falsificaciones. E.g. A tamper-proof identity card.
8
a. silly, not serious
b. with perfect features and immaculate clothesDoll-like: with perfect features and immaculate clothes. E.g. a doll-like bride
c. wise, bright-eyed
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