On Screen p 54. Languages. Oral Mediation
1. Could you please comment on the pictures I have sent you?
2. Is English used as a lingua franca in Spain when you need to speak with people from different parts of the world?
3. Are there any minority languages in Spain? Are they marginalised or preserved? Are any of them dying out? What is being done to ensure their survival? What else could be done?
4. Are languages in Spain tools of communication and understanding or instruments of conflict?
5. Is Spain a multicultural society nowadays? What are the benefits and drawbacks?
6. Do Spanish parents like to raise multilingual children? Why? What challenges does it pose?
7. Do Spanish people learn languages even in their adult life? Why? What challenges does it present?
8. Does the media in Spain incorporate terms from other languages? Do they use Anglicisms? What Anglicisms do Spanish people use in their everyday lives? In what fields of knowledge can you find foreign words in Spain? Do people embrace these terms? Does an excessive use of borrowings cause controversy at times?
9. What languages may be useful for Spaniards to learn? Why?
Useful language to describe a chart:
This chart illustrates how...
This chart compares...
The results that are shown in the chart are...
As can be seen from these results, ...
According to this chart,
From the data in the above chart, it is apparent that ...
We can see on this chart how...
The chart indicates that...
The chart represents...
The information given in the chart...
The percentage of people who... is shown on the chart.
The chart shows quite clearly the impact of...
On Screen p 35. Letter in favour of social media. Cloze
I would like to give my views (1)___________ the benefits of social media. Many articles and research papers have been written on the adverse (2)__________ of the medium, but I believe there are a number of positive aspects to (3)____________ use.
Personally, I use social media to keep in touch with friends and family who live far away. I enjoy receiving their news and updates (4)____________ it brings me closer to them (5)__________ the distance that separates us. In (6)______________, social media has (7)___________ me to make contact with long-lost friends from school. Being able to reconnect with an old friend is a wonderful thing, and I have social media to (8)___________ for it.
(9)_____________ it not for social media, many people who live in isolation would be cut (10)___________ from the rest of society. Those who are house-bound (11)_________ to illness or family circumstances need an outlet, and social media (12)____________ this. They can stay in contact with friends or family elsewhere, or (13)_________ use social media as a way to have some harmless fun and break up the boredom or drudgery of their lives. Going (14)__________, what I see is a continued role of social media in my life. As I plan to travel extensively in the future, social media will enable me to keep my family informed of my movements, and share with them the places that I intend to visit. Social media will also play a role in my career once I complete my studies and enter the (15)_____________.
Social media is unparalleled as a means of staying in touch with loved ones, and reestablishing contact with friends from the past. What is more, it is a godsend for the isolated and lonely. It serves a very useful purpose as (16)____________ as it doesn’t become the epicentre of one’s existence.
Yours (17)______________,
Jane Barkin
KEY
1. on
2. effects
3. its
4. as/ since/ because/ for
5. despite
6. addition
7. enabled
8. thank
9. Were
10. off
11. due
12. provides
13. even
14. forward
going forward: from this point on into the future.
15. workforce
16. long
17. faithfully
Dear Sir,
I would like to give my views on the benefits of social media. Many articles and research papers have been written on the adverse effects of the medium, but I believe there are a number of positive aspects to its use.
Personally, I use social media to keep in touch with friends and family who live far away. I enjoy receiving their news and updates as it brings me closer to them despite the distance that separates us. In addition, social media has enabled me to make contact with long-lost friends from school. Being able to reconnect with an old friend is a wonderful thing, and I have social media to thank for it.
Were it not for social media, many people who live in isolation would be cut off from the rest of society. Those who are house-bound due to illness or family circumstances need an outlet, and social media provides this. They can stay in contact with friends or family elsewhere, or even use social media as a way to have some harmless fun and break up the boredom or drudgery of their lives. Going forward, what I see is a continued role of social media in my life. As I plan to travel extensively in the future, social media will enable me to keep my family informed of my movements, and share with them the places that I intend to visit. Social media will also play a role in my career once I complete my studies and enter the workforce.
Social media is unparalleled as a means of staying in touch with loved ones, and reestablishing contact with friends from the past. What is more, it is a godsend for the isolated and lonely. It serves a very useful purpose as long as it doesn’t become the epicentre of one’s existence.
Yours faithfully,
Jane Barkin
On Screen p 35. Technology in the Workplace. A Letter to the Editor. Word Formation Cloze
Task description:
An English language magazine is inviting readers to submit letters in response to the following excerpt from an article: "The 21st century workplace requires more technological skills than ever before." You decide to submit a letter expressing your views. You should briefly describe your experience using technology, explain the reasons why it has become important and assess the impact it has in the workplace. Write your letter in 250 words.
Sample answer:
Dear Editor,
Having (1)___________ (THOROUGH) read your article on technology in the workplace in the last issue of your magazine, I would like to put forth my (2)___________ (OBSERVE) on the subject. New (3)____________ (TECHNOLOGY) devices, considered to be (4)______________ (INNOVATE) tools, have indeed (5)__________________ (REVOLUTION) the way businesses operate. It is my strong belief that they will define the future of the workplace.
(6)___________ (PERSON), I have a lot of high tech experience and I am very confident in my (7)______________ (ABLE) to learn any new computing programs quickly. In fact, I cannot imagine living without my mobile phone as I (8)______________ (FREQUENT) check status (9)___________ (DATE) from various (10)___________ (WORK) sites and keep in touch with my 100+ social media friends and followers.
There is no doubt that the (11)_____________ (ADOPT) of (12)____________ (SOPHISTICATION) technology (13)_____________ (WITH) the workplace has become (14)____________ (ESSENCE) in recent years. The (15)___________ (APPEAR) reason for this is that the (16)_____________ (LATE) tech tools allow (17)_______________ (EMPLOY) and companies to be more (18)___________ (EFFICACY) in the (19)_____________ (GLOBE) (20)___________________ (PLACE).
That being the case, technological (21)_________________ (HOW) is required for the (22)_______________ (MAJOR) of industries since it makes life easier for all (23)___________ (WORK) (24)____________ (PROFESSION).
It is my (25)_________________ (CONSIDER) opinion that technology has impacted businesses (26)____________________ (SIGNIFY). As markets shift with higher (27)_____________ (FREQUENT), businesses have become (28)____________ (EXTREME) (29)____________ (RELY) on technology. This is because computers and (30)_____________ (MACHINE) perform many tasks and cut costs for businesses while increasing (31)__________________ (PRODUCTION). (32)________________ (SIMILAR) the internet has improved communication since information can be transferred (33)____________ (INSTANT), allowing businesses to offer their services across the globe.
On the whole, any business without some level of technical (34)_____________ (SAVVINESS) are (35)_______________ (LIKE) to succeed in the future. It is therefore critical that businesses embrace change and new technologies in the digital age to stay (36)___________ (FLOAT). Thank you for considering my views.
Yours faithfully,
Adam Jones
KEY
1. thoroughly
2. observations
3. technological
4. innovative
5. revolutionised
6. Personally
7. ability
8. frequently
9. updates
10. networking
11. adoption
12. sophisticated
13. within
14. essential
15. apparent
16. latest
17. employees
18. efficient
19. global
20. marketplace
21. know-how
22. majority
23. working
24. professionals
25. considered
(one's) considered opinion
One's opinion after giving a topic adequate attention and careful thought. Sp. después de haberlo pensado/ considerado detenidamente, creo que. E.g. In light of these circumstances, what, in your considered opinion, would be the best way to structure the company? In my considered opinion, ‘Trainspotting’ is one of the best British movies ever made.
26. significantly
signify: to be a sign of something. Mean. signify something E.g. This decision signified a radical change in their policies
27. frequencies/frequency
high/low frequency (= happening often/not very often) E.g. a society with a high/low frequency of stable marriages.
28. extremely
29. reliant
Reliant on/upon somebody/something needing somebody/something in order to survive, be successful, etc. Dependent. E.g. The hostel is heavily reliant upon charity. Businesses have become increasingly reliant on complicated computing systems.The service has become heavily reliant on government support.
30. machinery
31. productivity /ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/
32. Similarly
33. instantaneously/ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəsli/
34. savvy
savvy noun/ˈsævi/ [uncountable] practical knowledge or understanding of something. E.g. political savvy. Skill isn’t enough—you need savvy too.
Origin
Late 18th century originally black and pidgin English imitating Spanish sabe usted ‘you know’.
savvy adjective/ˈsævi/ (comparative savvier, superlative savviest) having practical knowledge and understanding of something; having common sense. E.g. savvy shoppers. Most of his clients were financially savvy enough to know a good deal when they saw one.
savviness /ˈsavɪnəs/ noun (mass noun) practical knowledge or understanding of something; the ability to make good judgements. E.g. her vast experience and innate political savviness.
35. unlikely
36. afloat
(of a business, etc.) having enough money to pay debts; able to survive
- They will have to borrow £10 million next year, just to stay afloat.
- They had to sell their assets to keep the business afloat
Close-up p 64. Key Word Transformations
1. I don't have to answer to your demands.
OBLIGATION
I am ____________________ answer to your demands.
2. In our contract we have to start work at 8.00.
OBLIGED
In our contract we ___________________________ work at 8.00.
3. At the beginning I didn't need to put in very long hours.
REQUIRED
At the beginning I __________________________ put in very long hours.
4. Well, I have to quit then.
CHOICE
Well, I have __________________________ quit then.
5. You can choose whatever position you want.
FREE
You ______________________________ whatever position you want.
KEY
1. I don't have to answer to your demands.
OBLIGATION
I am ____________________ answer to your demands.
KEY
1. I don't have to answer to your demands.
OBLIGATION
I am under no obligation to answer to your demands.
2. In our contract we have to start work at 8.00.
OBLIGED
In our contract we ___________________________ work at 8.00.
KEY
2. In our contract we have to start work at 8.00.
OBLIGED
In our contract we are obliged to start work at 8.00.
3. At the beginning I didn't need to put in very long hours.
REQUIRED
At the beginning I __________________________ put in very long hours.
KEY
3. At the beginning I didn't need to put in very long hours.
REQUIRED
At the beginning I was not required to put in very long hours.
4. Well, I have to quit then.
CHOICE
Well, I have __________________________ quit then.
KEY
4. Well, I have to quit then.
CHOICE
Well, I have no choice but to quit then.
5. You can choose whatever position you want.
FREE
You ______________________________ whatever position you want.
KEY
5. You can choose whatever position you want.
FREE
You are free to choose whatever position you want.
Close-up p 61. Key Word Transformations
1. All candidates should take a short test.
REQUIRED
All candidates ________________________ take a short test.
2. He tried unsuccessfully to persuade her to change her mind.
ATTEMPT
He failed ___________________________ to persuade her to change her mind.
3. He finished all his work on time.
MANAGED
He ___________________________________all his work on time.
4. After a while, we were able to repair the car.
SUCCEEDED
After a while, ____________________________ repairing the car.
5. She didn't try to help me at all.
EFFORT
She _________________________________ me at all.
KEY
1. All candidates should take a short test.
REQUIRED
All candidates ________________________ take a short test.
KEY
1. All candidates should take a short test.
REQUIRED
All candidates are required to take a short test.
2. He tried unsuccessfully to persuade her to change her mind.
ATTEMPT
He failed ___________________________ to persuade her to change her mind.
KEY
2. He tried unsuccessfully to persuade her to change her mind.
ATTEMPT
He failed in his attempt to persuade her to change her mind.
3. He finished all his work on time.
MANAGED
He ___________________________________all his work on time.
KEY
3. He finished all his work on time.
MANAGED
He managed to finish all his work on time.
4. After a while, we were able to repair the car.
SUCCEEDED
After a while, ____________________________ repairing the car.
KEY
4. After a while, we were able to repair the car.
SUCCEEDED
After a while, we succeeded in repairing the car.
5. She didn't try to help me at all.
EFFORT
She _________________________________ me at all.
KEY
5. She didn't try to help me at all.
EFFORT
She made no effort to help me at all.
Close-up p 59. Key Word Transformations
1. The ultimate goal of many learners was to speak like a native, and that was an unrealistic expectation.
WHICH
Speaking like a native was many learners’ _________________________bar rather high.
2. The fact that many people use English as a lingua franca has led one writer to coin the term, ‘Globish’, a simplified version of English.
COINED
A simplified version of English, or __________________________ many people use English as a lingua franca.
3. We had a marvellous meal at that restaurant you recommended - incidentally, I should give you the number of a similar one I know.
WAY
We had an out of ____________________________________________to give you the number of a similar one I know.
4. Lisa doesn't talk to me, although having said that, she's doesn't take to anyone.
MIND
Lisa and I are not on __________________________________________ on fire with anyone.
5.We had better simplify the language, in order to make ourselves clear.
DOWN
We had no______________________________________________ as to make ourselves clear.
KEY
1. The ultimate goal of many learners was to speak like a native, and that was an unrealistic expectation.
WHICH
Speaking like a native was many learners’ _________________________bar rather high.
KEY
1. The ultimate goal of many learners was to speak like a native, and that was an unrealistic expectation.
WHICH
Speaking like a native was many learners’ ultimate goal, which was setting the bar rather high.
2. The fact that many people use English as a lingua franca has led one
writer to coin the term, ‘Globish’, a simplified version of English.
COINED
A simplified version of English, or __________________________ many people use English as a lingua franca.
KEY
2.
The fact that many people use English as a lingua franca has led one
writer to coin the term, ‘Globish’, a simplified version of English.
COINED
A simplified version of English, or rather, Globish was coined since many people use English as a lingua franca.
3. We had a marvellous meal at that restaurant you recommended -
incidentally, I should give you the number of a similar one I know.
WAY
We had an out of ____________________________________________to give you the number of a similar one I know.
KEY
3.
We had a marvellous meal at that restaurant you recommended -
incidentally, I should give you the number of a similar one I know.
WAY
We had an out of this world meal at that restaurant you recommended - by the way, I ought to give you the number of a similar one I know.
4. Lisa doesn't talk to me, although having said that, she's doesn't take to anyone.
MIND
Lisa and I are not on __________________________________________ on fire with anyone.
KEY
4. Lisa doesn't talk to me, although having said that, she's doesn't take to anyone.
MIND
Lisa and I are not on speaking terms, but mind you, she doesn't get on like a house on fire with anyone.
5.We had better simplify the language, in order to make ourselves clear.
DUMB
We had no______________________________________________ as to make ourselves clear.
KEY
5.We had better simplify the language, in order to make ourselves clear.
DUMB
We had no option but to dumb down the language, so as to make ourselves clear.
Close-up p 59. OED Word of the Year expanded for 'unprecedented' 2020. Cloze
This year has seen so many seismic (0) events that Oxford Dictionaries has expanded its word of the year to encompass several "Words of an Unprecedented Year".
Its words are chosen to reflect 2020's "ethos, mood, or preoccupations".
They include bushfires, Covid-19, WFH, lockdown, circuit-breaker, support bubbles, keyworkers, furlough, Black Lives Matter and moonshot.
Use of the word pandemic has increased (1)_____________ more than 57,000% this year.
Casper Grathwohl, the president of Oxford Dictionaries, said: "I've never witnessed a year in language like the one we've just had. The Oxford team was identifying hundreds of significant new words and usages as the year unfolded, dozens of (2)_________________ would have been a (3)_______ dunk for Word of the Year at any other time.
"It's both unprecedented and a little ironic - in a year that left us speechless, 2020 has been filled with new words (4)__________ any other."
How news impacts language
All languages evolve, but the rate of evolution has sped (5)____________ today.
In this, the Too Much Information Age, when media is all pervasive, new words and usages adapt at an ever (6)________________ rate.
It's inevitable that the pandemic should have rescued old words (coronavirus), super-charged (7)__________ that were loitering in our culture (furlough), and - in the case of Covid - created a neologism.
What's more striking to me is how the news cycle generates new phrases and usages.
Black Lives Matter - BLM - was in usage before George Floyd was killed; but today it has penetrated our public domain as (8)______________ before. So too mail-in and conspiracy theory - not because the conspiracy theories about mail-in ballots are new or true, but (9)__________ because they are espoused by the most famous person in the world, in Donald J Trump.
Yet the news cycle is a fickle friend, and sometimes not even a friend. That usage of Brexit should be down by 80% even as we enter its most critical phase (10)______________ that, sadly, the limited bandwidth of news programmes and human attention can harm priorities.
Isn't now exactly the moment when we should be using Brexit more than ever?
Oxford University Press said it used "evidence-based data" to explore this year's language developments.
"We saw new words emerge, and historical words resurface with new significance, as the English language developed rapidly to (11)______________ pace with the political upheaval and societal tensions that defined the year," they added.
They divided their findings into specific areas:
The language of Covid-19
The report said the word coronavirus dates (12)____________ to the 60s and was previously "mainly used by scientific and medical specialists".
But by April this year it had become "one of the most frequently used nouns in the English language, exceeding even the usage of the word time. By May, it had been surpassed (13)___________ Covid-19.
It stated that the arrival of the pandemic saw "huge increases" from March in the use of circuit breaker, lockdown, and shelter-in-place, along (14)_____________ support bubbles or pods, face masks, PPE, medics, delivery drivers, and supermarket staff key workers, frontliners, or essential workers.
The report also stated that phrases including mask up, anti-mask, anti-masker and mask-shaming were "among the proliferation of words reflecting attitudes towards the issue of mask-wearing". Superspreader is a word dating back to the 70s, the report said, but it spiked in October when coronavirus cases spread in the White House.
The word reopening also increased in frequency as summer approached, relating to the number of shopping outlets that were closed during lockdown, while moonshot came (15)_________ use, as the name of the UK government's programme for mass Covid testing.
Technology and remote working
Two words that have seen a growth of more than 300% since March are remote and remotely. (16)__________ for Zoom meetings, it will (17)_____________ as no surprise that the words mute and unmute have had a "significant rise in usage this year".
Other words getting a lot more use include workcation (up 500%) - a holiday in which you also work - and staycation (up 380%) - a holiday at home or in your home country. Both words have seen increase in usage, almost 500% and 380% (18)_______________.
Social movements, social media and politics
This year also saw an increase in activism and demonstrations, (19)____________ social distancing being in place. Usage of Black Lives Matter and BLM surged following the death of George Floyd in the US.
The report also said use of conspiracy theory has "almost doubled between October 2019 and October 2020" and use of the term QAnon increased 960% during that time.
It added that the words impeachment and acquittal, relating to US President Donald Trump, were more prevalent at the early part of the year, (20)_____________ more recently, words such as mail-in, relating to US voting, were up 3,000% compared with 2019.
Meanwhile the word Brexit was used 80% less this year, but usage was up for the phrase cancel culture - the withdrawing of support from public figures (21)_____________ words and actions were considered socially unacceptable.
The environment
The report said that levels of media coverage for climate change have fallen this year (22)___________ to the pandemic. But it said that the result was a new word being used - anthropause, referring to "the global slowdown of travel and other human activity and the subsequent welcome consequences, such as a (23)________________ in light and noise pollution".
Adapted from the BBC
KEY
seismic
/ˈsaɪzmɪk/ having a very great effect; of very great size. E.g. a seismic shift in the political process.
encompass: /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ encompass something to include a large number or range of things
- The job encompasses a wide range of responsibilities.
- The group encompasses all ages.
ethos: /ˈiːθɒs/ the moral ideas and attitudes that belong to a particular group, society or person.
Sp. valores
- an ethos of public service
- the carefree Californian ethos
- Teaching was central to his ethos.
bush fire: a fire in a large area of rough open ground, especially one that spreads quickly.
WFH abbreviation in writing
working/work from home (= to do your job in your own home, especially a job that is usually done in an office). E.g. I usually WFH on Fridays. WFH may stay even after the pandemic scare fades.Very few people that I know abuse WFH.
circuit-breaker: /ˈsɜːkɪt breɪkə(r)/ A circuit-breaker is a tight set of restrictions designed to reverse the tide of the epidemic and bring the number of cases down. The rules could feel a lot like the original national lockdown - but crucially a circuit-breaker is for a fixed period of time. The hope is they are less damaging - to the economy and people's mental health - than a longer lockdown, because people can plan ahead more easily.
support bubble: a small circle of people with whom
you can socialize exclusively. E.g. Adults living alone in England,
including single parents with children under 18, will be able to form a
support bubble with one other household.
- The city council helps key workers find affordable housing.
Operation Moonshot
is a UK government programme to introduce same day mass testing for
COVID-19 in England as a way of enabling large gatherings of people to
take place in that country while maintaining control over the virus.
According to the British Medical Journal, the programme aims to deliver
10 million tests per day by 2021.
1. by
2. which
unfold: to happen, or to develop. E.g. We stood and watched the drama unfold. The human catastrophe unfolding on Europe’s doorstep
3. slam
slam dunk: /ˈslæm dʌŋk/
1. (in basketball) the act of jumping up and putting the ball through the net with a lot of force. Sp. hacer un mate
2. something that is certain to be successful. Sp. pan comido. E.g. Politically, this issue is a slam dunk for the party. The movie is sure to be a slam-dunk hit.
4. unlike
5. up
- to move or happen faster; to make something move or happen faster
- The train soon speeded up.
- Can you try and speed things up a bit?
- They have speeded up production of the new car.
- The daring new technique dramatically speeded up the construction process.
6. faster
rate: speed, pace
7. some
supercharge something to make something stronger, more powerful or more effective
- They hope the tax cut will supercharge growth in the economy.
8. never
espouse something to give your support to a belief, policy, etc. Sp apoyar, patrocinar. E.g. They espoused the notion of equal opportunity for all in education.
surpass something/somebody E.g. He hopes one day to surpass the world record.
Its success has surpassed all expectations.
surpass yourself Her cooking was always good, but this time she had surpassed herself (= done better than her own high standards).
A protocol implemented by authorities instructing people to remain indoors as a protective measure during an emergency.
2. a small group of sea animals, such as dolphins or whales, swimming together. Sp. manada.
a pod of adult dolphins
The outbreak of COVID-19 led to greater use of frontliner in the US. The word has become especially used to refer to people on the frontlines of the public health crisis, involved in various roles of caring for people who have or may have been exposed to the virus. This group includes such workers as doctors, nurses, paramedics, and personal care aides.
During the pandemic, frontliner also spread as a term for workers on the frontlines of grocery stores, pharmacies, banks, transportation, utilities, and other essential roles for society to keep running. The public-facing nature puts them at increased exposure to COVID-19. Wildfire fighters and other climate emergency responders have also become increasingly called frontliners in 2020.An individual who does not believe in the effectiveness of masks to slow the spread of disease.
Operation Moonshot is a UK government programme to introduce same day mass testing for COVID-19
in England as a way of enabling large gatherings of people to take
place in that country while maintaining control over the virus.
According to the British Medical Journal, the programme aims to deliver 10 million tests per day by 2021.
QAnon believers have speculated that this fight will lead to a day of reckoning where prominent people such as former presidential candidate Hillary Clinton will be arrested and executed.
Cancel culture can include everything from people with the most money and privilege in our society getting push back for saying things others found distasteful to regular everyday people losing their jobs for relatively minor infractions."
When it was first being used among young people on the internet, cancelling was a way to say, "I'm done with you".
But as cancelling became more widely used on social media it has grown into a way to call on others to reject a person or business. This can happen when the target breaks social norms - for example, making sexist comments - but it has also happened when people have expressed opinions on politics, business and even pop culture.
Measuring that impact, they say, will reveal ways in which we can "share our increasingly crowded planet".
refers to a global reduction in modern human activity, especially travel,
and was coined by a team of researchers in June 2020 in an article
discussing the possible impact of COVID-19 lockdown on wildlife







