On Screen WB p 133 Ex 9. Woman unable to give presentation. Photo

 

What could be the reason why she was unable to give the presentation?

Have you ever been in a similar situation?

 

Find out what happened to Jane

 

KEY

 

On Screen WB p 133 Ex 9

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Speaking

1. MONOLOGUE. Prepare a talk of AT LEAST 5 minutes on the subject. You may use the pictures above and the contents below if you wish:

1. What happened if you did something wrong when you were a kid?

2. What do you do if you don't feel comfortable with a topic that is being discussed or with inquisitive questions targeted at you?

3. What will you do if you should happen to pass all your exams at the end of this academic year?

4. Should you happen to meet an old flame at a party, what may you do ?

5. Should you oversleep the next time you have something important to do first thing in the morning, what might you do ?

6. What will you do if you happen to be caught in a traffic jam and not be able to come to class?

7. What may happen unless governments act now?

8. In the event of another economic downturn, what should be done differently?

9. What would happen if scientists were to find a cure for AIDS and cancer?

10. If all students were to go to university, what could happen?

You may make some notes for your talk to take into the exam. These should not exceed five lines.

2. INTERACTION

In this part of the test, the examiner will ask you some questions related to the TOPIC. This part of the examination will last AT LEAST 5 minutes. You will not see the questions below.

________________________________________

TEACHER'S QUESTIONS
1. Were you to find out your partner is cheating on you, what would you do?

2. Were you to get an awful Christmas present from your mother-in-law, would you tell her how you felt about it?

3. Were you to be called names in front of a large number of people, what might you do?

4. Think of an important person in your life. Were it not for this person, what couldn't you have done?  

5. What would you have done if you hadn’t come here today?
 
6. Had you not decided to learn English, how might your life be different?
 
7. Had it not been for a lack of time, what could you have done this week?
 
8. Suppose you had been born a member of the opposite sex, in what ways would your life be different now?
 
9. What if you had always followed your parents’ advice, might you have been more successful?

10. Imagine you had won the lottery recently, what changes would have taken place in your life?
 
11. Assuming that you had found 500 Euros on your way here today, what would you have done?
 
12. If you had been given a return ticket to travel back in time, what historical period would you have chosen? Why?

Objective Proficiency p 26. Benjamin Button And The Third Conditional. Extra Listening

If only one thing had happened differently …

Reconstruct the story using conditionals. Try to use a couple of examples of mixed conditionals too.

1.     A woman in Paris was on her way to go shopping, but she had forgotten her coat … When she’d gotten her coat, the phone had rung and she’d stopped to answer it.

2.     The taxi driver had dropped a fare (a passenger in a taxi) off earlier and he’d stopped to get a cup of coffee. He stopped to pick up the lady who was going shopping and had missed an earlier cab. The taxi driver had to stop for a man who was late for work.

3.     The man had left for work five minutes later than he normally did because he forgot to set his alarm.

4.     The taxi driver was waiting outside a chocolate shop while the woman was  waiting for a package.

5.     The package hadn’t been wrapped yet because the girl who was supposed to have wrapped it had broken up with her boyfriend the night before.

6.     When the woman got back in the cab, it was blocked by a delivery truck.

7.     While the delivery truck was pulling away, Daisy was waiting for one of her friends who had broken a shoelace.

8.     While Daisy was coming out of the rehearsal, the taxi was stopped at a traffic light.

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals.Rudyard Kipling's If . Extra Listening

IF you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make 1_____________ for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don't 2___________ lies,
Or being hated, don't 3______________________ hating,
And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise:

If you can dream - and not make dreams your master;
If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with 4____________________
And treat those two impostors just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken
Twisted by 5______________ to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And 6_____________ and build 'em up with 7____________ tools:

If you can make one 8_____________ of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of  9__________________,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never 10__________________ about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and 11_____________
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: 'Hold on!'

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with Kings - nor lose the common 12____________,
if neither 13___________ nor loving friends can hurt you,
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the 14_______________ minute
With sixty seconds' worth of distance run,
Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,
And - which is more - you'll be a Man, my son!


KEY

1. allowance

make allowance(s) for something

to consider something, for example when you are making a decision or planning something. E.g.

The budget made allowance for inflation. The plan makes no allowance for people working at different rates.

make allowances (for somebody)

to allow somebody to behave in a way that you would not usually accept, because of a problem or because there is a special reason. E.g. You have to make allowances for him because he's tired.

2. deal in
to accept something as a basis for your decisions, attitudes or actions. E.g. We don't deal in rumours or guesswork.



3. give way to

give way to something

to allow yourself to be very strongly affected by something, especially an emotion. E.g. Flinging (throwing) herself on the bed, she gave way to helpless misery. She gave way to a burst of weeping



4. Triumph and Disaster  victory, and an event that causes great damage 
  

 

 5. knaves  
knave /neɪv/ an old-fashioned word for a dishonest man.

 

 6. stoop
stoop (down) to bend your body forwards and downwards. E.g. She stooped down to pick up the child. The doorway was so low that he had to stoop.



7. worn-out
worn out: badly damaged and/or no longer useful because it has been used a lot. E.g. These shoes are worn out. The gradual replacement of worn-out equipment. A speech full of worn-out old clichés.



8. heap
heap (of something) an untidy pile of something. E.g. The building was reduced to a heap of rubble. A compost heap. His clothes lay in a heap on the floor. Worn-out car tyres were stacked in heaps. 



9. pitch-and-toss
 a game in which the player who throws a coin closest to a mark gets to throw all the coins, winning those that land with the head facing up. 
pitch: throw 



10. breathe a word
not breathe a word: remain silent about something secret: E.g.  they would never breathe a word of anything that happened on that fateful night.



11. sinew /ˈsɪnjuː/ a strong band of tissue in the body that joins a muscle to a bone. Sp. tendón



12. touch
the common touch the ability to get on with or appeal to ordinary people: E.g. he was an intimate of Lord Beaverbrook yet kept the common touch.



13. foes
foe /fəʊ/ an enemy.



14. unforgiving /ˌʌnfəˈɡɪvɪŋ/ 


 
IF you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don't deal in lies,
Or being hated, don't give way to hating,
And yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise:

If you can dream - and not make dreams your master;
If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two impostors just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools:

If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: 'Hold on!'

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with Kings - nor lose the common touch,
if neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds' worth of distance run,
Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,
And - which is more - you'll be a Man, my son!

Analysis

The first section of the poem, in my opinion, is about being true to oneself. There are always going to be people who think differently than you, or misjudge you for one reason or another. I think the poem is saying that we need to rise above this, and do what we know is right and just. Don’t let others provoke you into actions you know are wrong. Know the value of your self worth, but don’t become conceited.
The second section is about overcoming obstacles that get in your path, whether by others, or of your own making. Follow your dreams, but be realistic in the approach. I believe this section is teaching perseverance, to keep going, even when things get rough.
I believe the most important lesson in the third section is to never give up! It is truly hard to get back up after life has beaten you into the ground. It can be done though, if we always believe in ourselves and know that we did it once so we can do it again! This is a very important lesson, and one that we all should take to heart. Kipling knew how hard life can sometimes be, and I think this section of the poem is full of hope for all of us.
The last section has two important lessons. First, that we are all equal. Don’t put yourself above anyone else, but know that you are just as good as everyone else. There are things to be admired in almost everyone if you look hard enough. The second lesson I take from this section, is to never waste time. Make every minute of every day count!


Paraphrase 
 If you can
1) remain calm when everyone near you is not calm, and they are holding you responsible for the problem; have confidence that you are acting correctly when everyone thinks you are wrong, and at the same time, understand their doubts;
2) be patient, and can tolerate lies being told about you (you don’t lie) and being hated; not hate anybody yourself; not try to look or sound too good;
3) dream but not just dream; instead, be realistic and be goal-oriented; function in both good situations and bad and realize that you will have both throughout your life;
4) tolerate the fact that people have twisted your words or wrecked your projects; rebuild your projects and rebuild your life again when necessary;
5) risk everything you have, lose it and then start all over again (without complaint);
6) not give up when you feel weakened physically and mentally; hang in there;
7) resist being corrupted by ordinary people or by people in high positions; not be hurt by either enemies or friends, value everyone, but not any one person too much;
8) make the most of every minute of life; then you will be an honourable and trustworthy human being.


If you want to read more about this poem, you can go here

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Extra Exercise: Verb Tenses

Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets.

1.      Now we’re lost! If you __________________ (write down) Mary’s directions, this __________________ (not/happen).

2.      Why don’t we emigrate? If we _________________ (live) in Australia, at least the weather ______________________ (be) better!

3.      I’m afraid that Smith is a hardened criminal. If we _________________ (not/punish) him this time, he _________________ (only/commit) more crimes.

4.      Thanks to Dr Jones, I’m still alive! If it _________________ (not/be) for her. I _________________ (be) dead for certain.

5.      I’m sorry I can’t lend you any money. You know that if I ____________________________ (have) it, I ____________________________ (lend) it to you.

6.      Don’t be afraid. If you __________________________ (touch) the dog, it __________________________ (not/bite).

7.      In those days, if you __________________ (have) a job, you __________________________ (be) lucky.

8.      It’s always the same! If I _________________ (decide) to leave the office early, my boss _____________________ (call) me after I’ve left!

9.      What a terrible thing to happen! Just think, if we __________________ (not/ miss) the plane, we __________________ (kill) in the crash.

10.  Did you enjoy your meal? If you __________________ (finish) eating, I _____________________ (clear away) the plates.


KEY

1. had written down, 

would not have happened  

2. lived,

 would be 


                    

 3. do not punish, 

will only commit 

4. had not been/were not/was not, 

would be 

5. had, 

would lend 

6. touch, 

won’t bite 

7. had, 

were 

8. decide, 

calls                      

9. had not missed, 

would have been killed 

10. have finished, 

will clear away

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Extra Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

1. Without this new diet, Henry would never have lost so much weight. it
   

Had ..................................................................... this new diet, Henry would never have lost so much weight.

2. Unless the plans change, we'll see you on the 19th . no
   

Provided ..................................................................the plans, we'll see you on the 19th.

3. If you applied now, there's a good chance you would get the job. apply
   

Were ........................................................................... , there's a good chance you would get the job.

4. I didn't know about your problem so I didn't offer to help. have
   

If I'd known about your problem, ...................................................................... to help.

5. It could get cold at night, so take some warm clothes. in
   

Take some warm clothes ...................................................................................... cold at night.

6. I'd love to travel the world if I didn't have to pay off my mortgage. having
   

Were ...................................................................................... to pay off my mortgage, I'd love to travel the world.

7. Ten years ago, people would have complained at seeing this film. seen
   

Had ..........................................................................................., they would have complained.

8. Drivers are allowed to park here if they display a local resident permit. condition
   

Drivers are allowed to park here ........................................................................ they display a local resident permit.



KEY

1. it not been for



2. (that) there are no chages to



3. you to apply now



4. I would have offered



5. in case it gets



6. it not for having/ I not having



7. people seen this film ten years ago



8. on condition that

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Extra Open Cloze

Write one word in each gap.

CFCs

Had (1)..............  not been for the invention of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) in the 1920s, at least one environmental problem might have been avoided. In fact, (2)………… they to be invented today, they (3)……… no doubt be immediately banned. For fifty years, though, if you bought an air conditioner or a spray, there (4)………… a good chance that it contained CFCs - and those CFCs are still around in the atmosphere.

If you (5)............... able to travel into the upper layers of the atmosphere, you (6)................  see the chlorine and fluorine from CFCs breaking down the ozone (a form of oxygen). Ozone could damage your lungs (7)...................  you were to breathe it, but high in the atmosphere it performs the function of blocking ultraviolet rays from the sun, rays which can cause skin cancer if you (8)………… exposed to them. We might (9)……….. have known about the process (10)……… it not been for the work of two American scientists, Frank Rowland and Mario Molina. A number of industries fought against their conclusions, and might have won (11)………… the evidence not been so clear.

Rowland and Molina received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1995 for their work on the ozone layer, but (12) …………which we might today be facing an even greater problem.



KEY

1. it



2.  were



3. would



4. was



5. were



6. would/ could



7. if



8. are/get



9. not/ never



10. had



11. had



12. for

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Extra Multiple Choice Cloze

Choose the correct answer.

1. If you saw another student cheating in an exam,…………somebody?

A did you tell С would you tell

В do you tell D have you told

2. Make sure you mix the ingredients well,............you might get lumps in your cake.
   

A unless С provided

В otherwise D supposing

3. Were ...................... my dad, I would never have started playing tennis in the first place.
   

A it for С it to be for

В it hadn't been for D it not for

4. If I ...................... hear from Nigel, I'll tell him you were asking after him.
   

A happened С should to

В should happen to D will happen to

5. The book would have been perfect …............the ending.
   

A had it not been for С it hadn't been for

В it had not been for D hadn't it been for

6. If you hadn't taken the money, you…………..in prison now.
   

A wouldn't have been С haven't been

В hadn't been D wouldn't be

7. Do you think that if we ........................... earlier we might not have missed the coach?
   

A have been leaving С had left

В left D have left

8. Unless Ray…………here soon, I'm going to leave because I'm getting bored.
   

A doesn't get С won't get

В gets D will get

9. What if I .................. you that there's a good chance I can get tickets for the concert?
   

A were to tell С have told

В were telling D would to tell

10. If there…………happen to be any reason for late delivery, please inform our Accounts Department.
    

A might С would

В could D should


KEY

1. C



2. B



3. D



4. B



5. A



6. D



7. C



8. B



9. A



10. D

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Extra Rephrasing

Rewrite the sentences, starting with the words given.

1. The only reason we won the contract was Debbie's fantastic presentation.

We wouldn't have_________________________________________________

2. The eventual arrival of the ferry prevented a fight from breaking out amongst the passengers.
   

If it hadn't been for ____________________________________________________

3. None of the passengers was injured because of the driver's quick reaction.
   

But ________________________________________________________________

4. We'll have to cancel the meeting if Wendy doesn't turn up soon.
   

Unless ______________________________________________________________

5. Mr. Jones would be quite lonely if he didn't have his daughter's visits.
   

Were it ________________________________________________________________

6. Here's my phone number, because you might need it.
   

In case ________________________________________________________________

7. Agree to be back by midnight and you can go.
   

Providing _____________________________________________________________

8. Officer Hughes prevented the robbers from escaping.
   

Had it ________________________________________________________________



KEY

1. won the contract if it hadn't been for Debbie's fantastic presentation / won the contract had it not been for Debbie's fantastic presentation.



2. the eventual arrival of the ferry, a fight would have broken out among the passengers.



3. for the driver's quick reaction, (some of) the passengers would have been injured.



4. Wendy turns up soon, we'll have to cancel the meeting.



5. not for his daughter's visits, Mr Jones would be quite lonely.



6. you need it, here's my number.



7. you are back by midnight, you can go/ you agree to be back by midnight, you can go.



8. not been for Officer Hughes, the robbers would have escaped.

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Extra Cloze

Write one word in each gap.

1. I would never be able to afford a new house if ..............wasn't for all the overtime I've been doing.
   
2. If it hadn't .................... for the fact that his uncle was a partner in the business, Angus would never have got the job.
   
3. How do you think you'd feel if someone happened ...................... damage your car like that?
   
4. …………..for the kindness of a complete stranger, I would never have found the hotel.
   
5. I don't think I'd be surprised in the slightest .......................... Paul were to suddenly announce that he was moving abroad.
   
6. Don't forget to mention the new schedule to Veronica if you ……..happen to see her this evening.
   
7. Football matches would be ideal family outings………it not for the danger of violence.
   
8. If it hadn't been ...................... the children, I'm sure Trisha would have left Tom a long time ago.
   
9. I would have lost the game ................................ it not been for some quick thinking.
   
10. If you …………find the book I was asking you about, give me a call.

KEY

1. it



2. been



3. to



4. But



5. if



6. should



7. were



8. for



9. had



10. should/ do

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Complete

Complete using the words below.

case • condition • long • otherwise • provided • so • suppose • unless

1. Do you want a highly-paid career, and, if ________, are you prepared to retrain? Contact us.
   
2. I'm quite happy to lend you money, as __________ as you make sure I get it back.
   
3. The village fair should be a great success, ______________we don't have the same problems with the weather as last year.
   
4. It’d be great to see you on Saturday evening, _____________ you've already got other plans.
   
5. Could you go to the shop for me? I have to stay in in __________________the courier comes.
   
6. Your idea sounds fine in theory, but just _______________ something goes wrong. What then?
   
7. Write your name at the top of your essay, ______________ I won't know which one's yours.
   
8. The judge allowed the accused to stay at home on _______________ she reported to the police every morning.

KEY

1.  so



2. long



3. provided



4. unless



5. case



6. suppose



7. otherwise



8. condition

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Choose the Correct Word or Phrase

Choose the correct word or phrase.

1. If we hadn't taken a wrong turning back there, we wouldn't be / have been in this mess now.
   
2. Should / Would you need any further assistance, please don't hesitate to ask.
   
3. Had they not / Hadn't they warned people in time, a lot more lives could have been lost.
   
4. If you worked / had worked last weekend when the boss asked you, then you wouldn't have to work this weekend.
   
5. Were all the members of staff to attend the conference, would the hotel have / have had enough rooms for everyone?
   
6. Had the government acted sooner, the general public wouldn't be worrying / have worried so much about the current situation.
   
7. Tom Cruise wouldn't be the star he is today had he not / should he not have made a good impression in his early films.
   
8. Weren't we / Were we not to build more roads, the traffic system would collapse by 2020.
   
9. It would be hard enough to pass the exam tomorrow even if you went / had gone to all the lectures this year.
   
10. You can contact the hotel manager on extension 142 should / could you need to.
    
11. Shouldn't you / Should you not receive confirmation of your flight by e-mail, please click the link below.
    
12. I would have asked the person for ID before I let him in, if I were / have been you.

 
KEY

1. be



2. Should



3. Had they not



4. had worked



5. have



6. be worrying



7. had he not



8. Were we not



9. had gone



10. should



11. Should you not



12. were

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Extra Exercise: Match to Make Sentences

Match to make sentences

1. If you stay with us for three days, ..............................
2. If you decide not to vote in the election, .....................
3. If you didn't eat your lunch so fast, ............................. 
4. If there were a few more people working, ...................
5. If you forget to take your passport,…………………… 
6. If the hire car isn't there when you arrive,…………….. 
7. If the city continues to expand,………………………..
8. If the police didn't fine people,…………………………
9. If you did decide to leave the company,……………….
10. If MPs wish to resign,………………………………….

A. we might get served a bit more quickly.
B. give us a call and we'll come to pick you up.
C. very few people would obey the law.
D. you wouldn't get hiccups, would you?
E. they have to go through a complicated procedure.
F. we'd be happy to give you a good reference.
G. I'm pretty sure they won't let you check in.
H. more areas of natural beauty will be destroyed.
I. we'll have enough time to see a few sights.
J. you can't really complain about the government


KEY

1 I



2 J



3 D



4 A



5 G



6 B



7 H



8 C



9 F



10 E

Objective Proficiency p 26. Conditionals. Grammar

When the if clause comes before the result clause, we usually separate the two clauses with a comma. When the result clause comes first, we do not use a comma:
E.g. If you share a car to work, you can save on energy
You can save on energy if you share a car to work

Zero conditional
if/ when + present simple, present simple
We use the zero conditional to talk about situations which are always true.
E.g. If I eat too much spicy food, I start to feel ill.
When I eat too much in the evening, I can't sleep at night. 

if/ when/ whenever + past simple, past simple
The past simple can also be used in conditional sentences to describe real situations in the past.
E.g. If I arrived late at the office, my boss used to get really angry.

First conditional
if + present simple, will/ going to/ may/ might/ can/ could/ shall/ should/ have to/ ought to  + infinitive/ imperative
We use the first conditional to talk about possible future situations and their probable results.
E.g. If you don't water the plant soon, it'll die.
If you don't water the plant soon, it could die.
We might prevent disaster if we change the way we live now.
If the people from Greenpeace call, tell them I'll call them back later.

if + should/happen to/ should happen to
We use this structure to make the event seem more unlikely or more of a chance possibility.
E.g. If you should see Davina, ask her whether she could look after the cats this weekend.
If I happen to see Mr Smith, I'll ask him for you.
If you should happen to miss the train, I could drive you there myself.

A more formal variation is to omit if and begin with should (inversion)
E.g. Should you wish to change your holiday arrangements, we will do all we can to help.
Should you require more assistance, please telephone. 
Should the drought /draʊt/ continue, many people will be forced to leave their villages.

Note
if can sometimes be followed by will, would or going to, for example when making polite requests or describing the result of a course of action.
E.g. If you would take a seat for a moment, I'll tell Mr Graydon you're here.
If it is going to be more profitable for the company, then I think we should do it.
I'll clean the house if you'll mow the lawn.


Second conditional
if + past simple/ past continuous, would/ might/ could + infinitive
We use the second conditional to talk about imaginary, unlikely or impossible situations in the present and future.
E.g.  If I had an extra pair of hands, then I could help you!
I might work harder if they paid me more.

If it wasn't/weren't for + noun
E.g. I think I'd be quite lonely if it wasn't/ weren't for my dog, Buster. (= if I didn't have)
If it weren't for my savings, I wouldn't be able to survive (= Thanks to my savings I can survive)

Were it not for + noun
E.g. Were it not for my dog, Buster, I think I'd be quite lonely.

if + were to + infinitive makes the event seem more unlikely.
E.g. If you were to walk in that direction for another thousand miles, you'd eventually arrive in Warsaw.

A more formal variation is to omit if and begin with were...to (inversion)
E.g. Were they to break the contract, we would of course take legal action.
Were you to go out in this weather, you'd be thoroughly soaked

Third conditional
if + past perfect, would/ might/ could/ should + perfect infinitive
We use the third conditional to speculate about how things might have been different in the past.
E.g. If you had been paying attention, you might have understood what I was saying. (= You weren't paying attention, so you didn't understand.)
A lot more people would have been trapped by the flood if there hadn't been a warning. 

If it hadn't been for + noun
E.g. If it hadn't been for your help, I wouldn't have been able to quit gambling. (= if I hadn't had)
If it hadn't been for that traffic jam on the motorway, we would have got here on time. (= Because of the traffic jam we arrived late.)

Had it not been for + noun
E.g. Had it not been for your help, I wouldn't have been able to quit gambling.

But for/ without 
E.g. But for your help, I wouldn't have been able to quit gambling.
He would have played but for a knee injury.
Without their help, Emma couldn't have overcome her problems.
You shouldn't take these pills without consulting your doctor.
 
A more formal variation is to omit if and begin with had (inversion)
E.g. Had she known about his criminal past, she would never have employed him.
Had I known there was going to be a storm, I would have stayed indoors. 
Had Charles Darwin not visited the Galapagos Islands, he might never have developed his theory of evolution. 
Had we not attended the meeting, we would have han no idea of the council's plans. (Note that not goes after the subject).

Mixed conditionals
if + past tense, might/ could/ should/ would + perfect infinitive
We use this structure for situations in the present which affect the past.
E.g. If I weren't so untidy, I wouldn't have lost your keys.
If I weren't so broke at the moment, I could have bought you something decent for your birthday.

if + past perfect, would/ might/ could + infinitive
We use this structure to speculate about how a different situation in the past might have had different results in the present.
E.g. If I had moved to California, I would be much richer today.
If you hadn't stayed up to watch the film last night, you wouldn't be so tired now

Other words and phrases that introduce conditionals
Providing (that)/provided (that)/  as/so long as/ on condition (that) are similar to only if. They are all emphatic forms emphasising a condition. 
E.g.  Providing that you have the money in your account, you can withdraw up to £100 a day.
You can have a pet provided that you promise to look after it properly.
We'll buy everything you produce, provided of course the price is right.
We'll go up to the mountains this weekend as long as the weather's okay. 
Applications for membership are accepted on condition that applicants are over 18.

Suppose / Supposing/ Imagine/ what if can be used instead of if, particularly in speech. They are used at the beginning of the sentence setting up the condition.
E.g. Suppose it rains tomorrow. What will we do?  
Suppose the price of oil tripled tomorrow. What do you think would happen?
Supposing you ran out of money, what would you do?
Supposing you had met the president, what would you have said?
Imagine you lost your job. Do you think you'd be able to find another?
Imagine you had missed the flight, what would you have done? 
What if the iceberg tipped over (fell), could the fishing boats have escaped?

If so/ not
E.g. Are you concerned about the environment? If so, you might be interested in joining Greenpeace.
Do you have the potential to be a concert pianist? If not, give yourself a break and do something else. (= If you don't have the potential)

Otherwise (= if...not)
E.g. You should have your air conditioner serviced, otherwise you'll waste a lot of energy.

Unless/ except when (= if...not)
E.g. Unless governments act now, the environment is really going to suffer.
I won't give a waiter a tip except when/ unless I get excellent service.

In the event of (= if something happens)
E.g. In the event of  the alarm sounding, visitors should leave the zoo by the nearest exit  

In case of + noun
E.g. In case of fire, leave the building by the nearest emergency exit.

In case (= as a precaution)
E.g. Take a coat with you in case the weather gets worse.

Even if introduces an extreme condition (= whether or not).
E.g. Well, it's true, even if you refuse to believe me.

Even though (= despite the fact that)
E.g. I like her, even though she can be annoying at times.

Given that is used when some fact is already known (= Since/Because).
E.g. Given that this area is liable to flood, it would be unwise in the extreme to consider buying a house here.

Whether...or not
E.g. Whether you agree with Paul McKenna or not, you'll enjoy reading his book.

Assuming that (= in the possible situation that)
E.g. Assuming that the company paid for you, would you take the course?

If + -ing
E.g. If talking helps, you can call a friend.

If + past participle
E.g. If taken too seriously, self-help books can be depressing.

If in doubt (= if you are in doubt/ if you are not sure)
E.g. If in doubt, consult a specialist.

If necessary (if you need to)
E.g. If necessary, you can take a pill to help you calm down.

It would be a pity if
E.g. It would be a pity if you couldn't express your emotions.