Showing posts with label Linking devices. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Linking devices. Show all posts

On Screen p 33. Writing

 Do Ex 2 

Read and analyse the task description and the sample answer. 

Study the paragraphs: Topic sentence (the first sentence of a paragraph that gives the main idea of the paragraph) followed by supporting sentences e.g. an explanation or an example that further expands on the topic.

Sample linkers:

examples:

for example

take for example

for instance

such as

in particular

more specifically

more specifically: used when you want to add more detailed and exact information. E.g.  The newspaper, or more specifically, the editor, was taken to court for publishing the photographs 

namely

namely: used to introduce more exact and detailed information about something that you have just mentioned. E.g. We need to concentrate on our target audience, namely women aged between 20 and 30.     Josh always wanted to succeed in life; namely, he wanted to get rich. Sp. Josh siempre quiso tener éxito en la vida; específicamente, quería ser rico.


explanations

this is because

for this reason

as a consequence

as a result

hence

thus

inevitably


It follows that


"It follows that" suggests the logical result or next step or consequence from what was said or what happened previously.  Sp. de ello se desprende que, de ahí se deduce que

Example : If you believe that the two most important things are the world in which we live and everyone and everything that lives in it then, IT FOLLOWS THAT new technology should be centred on innovations for the benefit of the world and all that lives in it. It follows that he would not mislead us. Sp. Se deduce de esto que él no nos engañaría.

that is to say

to put it another way

LIST OF CONNECTORS, LINKS, TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES


Using connectors in writing and speaking helps the reader or listener to understand the message better, and at the same time allows him or her to flow more smoothly from one point to the next. Transitions enhance logical organization and understandability and improve the connections between thoughts. They indicate relations, whether within a sentence, paragraph, or paper.
This list illustrates categories of "relationships" between ideas, followed by words and phrases that can make the connections:

Sequence: 
firstly, at first, first of all, to begin / start with, in the first place, in the second place, secondly, at the same time next, for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on meanwhile, next, then, soon, later, while, earlier, finally, lastly, and eventually simultaneously, afterwards, in conclusion, to conclude, to conclude with, with this in mind, last but not least The music had a very retro sound but at the same time incorporated a complex modern rhythm.

Appearance and reality:
 at first sight apparently...but they are really / actually / but in fact,... The fact is that... As a matter of fact...

Addition: 
also, again, as well as, too, besides, coupled with, furthermore, in addition, additionally, moreover, what is more, similarly, likewise, apart from, on top of that, not only,... but also... When there is a trusting relationship coupled with positive reinforcement, the partners will be able to overcome difficult situations. Learning another language not only improves children's job prospects in later life, but also boosts their self-esteem. The banks advise against sending cash. Likewise, sending British cheques may cause problems. Another key point to bear in mind is that technology in the classroom does not always have to be complicated. Of course, when... Also, another thing to take into consideration is that Cala Mesquida is undoubtedly one of the most authentic and unspoilt beaches not only in the area but on the island. Another key aspect to consider is if you want a used or new property. Something else we should consider is that how we act is related to how we feel.

Consequence, result: 
accordingly, as a result (of), consequently, as a consequence, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, so, then, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore, that is why, because of that... Highway traffic came to a stop as a result of an accident that morning. Eating habits formed in childhood tend to continue into adult life. Thus, the best way to prevent heart disease among adults is to encourage healthy eating from an early age. Eating habits formed in childhood tend to continue into adult life, hence the importance of encouraging healthy eating from an early age. Today's children eat more junk food and get less exercise than previous generations of children. It is not surprising, therefore, that rates of childhood obesity are on the increase.

Reason: 
because, because of + N, due to + N, due to the fact that, for this, for this reason, owing to +N, owing to the fact that Owing to the rising cost of fuel, more people are using public transport.

Contrast: 
in marked / sharp / stark / striking contrast to conversely, instead, on the contrary, in contrast to that When the press was biased towards the political right, television coverage tended to lean to the left. Conversely, if the press swung heavily to the left, television would have to redress the balance by leaning to the right. on (the) one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather On the one hand, expansion would be good, but on the other hand it would be sad to lose the family atmosphere. although, though, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas, while, all the same, in spite of, despite, still Prices have been rising. It is unlikely, however, that this increase will continue. Diamond mining is a highly profitable industry. However, there are certain risks involved. Three more nuclear power stations were built despite widespread opposition. There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return.

Similarity and comparison: 
similarly, equally, likewise, in the same / a different way, by the same token = in a similar way comparatively, correspondingly, identically You have to show respect for your colleagues, and by the same token they have to respect you.

Direction: 
here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distance

Stating facts: 
actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, really

Diversion: 
by the way, incidentally His name, incidentally, was misspelt in the credits of the first two Star Wars movies.

Emphasis: 
above all, chiefly, especially, particularly, singularly, undoubtedly, indeed, obviously, generally, admittedly, in fact, particularly, in particular, clearly, it must be admitted, certainly, undeniably, it must be said, to be fair / honest, it cannot be denied, it must be allowed

Exception: 
aside from, barring, beside, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of, save Consensus was arrived at by all of the members exclusive of those who could not vote. Barring any further delays, we should be able to start tomorrow. (=if there are no further delays...)

Exemplifying and illustrating: 
chiefly, especially, for instance, for example, for one thing, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example, in this case, that is, that is to say, in particular, markedly, namely, particularly, including, specifically, such as, a case in point is... Some friends and I drove up the beautiful coast chiefly to avoid the heat island of the city. The chapter provided complex sequences and examples illustrated with a very simple schematic diagram.

Generalizing: 
as a rule, as usual, for the most part, generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually There were a few very talented artists in the class, but for the most part the students only wanted to avoid the alternative course.

Restatement: 
in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently, to put it another way, in short In their advertising business, saying things directly was not the rule. That is to say, they tried to convey the message subtly though with creativity.

Summarizing, concluding: 
after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, to sum up, consequently, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally In conclusion, the study has provided useful insights into the issues relating to people's perception of crime.

On Screen WB p 24. Writing

 Do ex 1

that being the case

What is another word for that being the case

then    

in that case 

as a consequence    

as a result 

that being so    

consequently 

under those circumstances    

accordingly 

because of that    

because of this

due to this

for this reason


considered opinion

A considered opinion is the result of careful thought. One's opinion after giving a topic adequate attention and careful thought.

E.g. 

It is my considered opinion that the hairdresser is the most influential person in any community.

Obviously it was Anne's considered opinion that Mavis was a bold-faced liar. 

bold-faced liar: One who tells blatantly obvious and/or impudent untruths easily and with little or no attempt to disguise the lie.

We will give a considered response to the proposals by the end of the week.

In light of these circumstances, what, in your considered opinion, would be the best way to structure the company? 


savvy: practical knowledge or understanding of something      

E.g.

You need a bit of technical savvy for this job. Sp. se necesita un poco de habilidad técnica para este trabajo.

He’s obviously got a lot of political savvy.    

Skill isn’t enough—you need savvy too.


Do Ex 2

Objective Proficiency p 133. Vocabulary

Ex 2
Text 2
  • Geek: someone who is boring, especially because they seem to be interested only in computers.
  • Take something apart: to separate a machine or piece of equipment into the different parts that it is made of. Dismantle. E.g. Bill Gates was a computer geek who could take a computer apart.


  • Fledgling: /ˈfledʒlɪŋ/ 1 a young bird that has just learnt to fly. 2 (usually before another noun) a person, an organization or a system that is new and without experience. E.g. fledgling democracies.




  • Loose: not strictly organized or controlled. E.g. a loose alliance/coalition/federation. A loose association of artists, writers and composers. 
  • Lean to/towards/toward something: to have a tendency to prefer something, especially a particular opinion or interest. Sp. inclinarse. E.g. The UK leant towards the US proposal.
  • Nerd: 1 a person who is boring, stupid and not fashionable. E.g. I feel like a nerd in these shoes. 2 a person who is very interested in computers.
  • Expertise: /ˌekspɜːˈtiːz/ expert knowledge or skill in a particular subject, activity or job. E.g. professional/scientific/technical, etc. expertise. We have the expertise to help you run your business. It is difficult to find staff with the level of expertise required for this job. Expertise in something/in doing something They have considerable expertise in dealing with oil spills.
  • Seek, sought, sought: /sɔːt/ to look for something/somebody. E.g. seek something/somebody Drivers are advised to seek alternative routes. Seek for something/somebody (British English) They sought in vain for somewhere to shelter.
  • Corporate: / ˈkɔːpərət/ involving or shared by all the members of a group. Sp. colectivo. E.g. Is there a corporate identity shared by all Asian countries?
  • Enduring: /ɪnˈdjʊərɪŋlasting for a long time. E.g. enduring memories. What is the reason for the game's enduring appeal?
  • Marathon: /ˈmærəθən/ an activity or a piece of work that lasts a long time and requires a lot of effort and patience. E.g. The interview was a real marathon.
  • Stamina: the physical or mental strength that enables you to do something difficult for long periods of time. Sp. resistencia. E.g. It takes a lot of stamina to run a marathon. Exercises aimed at increasing stamina.
  • Equate something (with something) to think that something is the same as something else or is as important. E.g. Some parents equate education with exam success. I don't see how you can equate the two things.
Ex 3 

  • At the same time: 1 at one time; together. E.g. She was laughing and crying at the same time. 2. used to introduce a contrasting fact, etc. that must be considered. E.g. You have to be firm, but at the same time you should try and be sympathetic. Of course, we want to be part of Europe, but at the same time we must be careful not to lose our close relationship with the US.
  • Conversely: /ˈkɒnvɜːsli/ (formal) in a way that is the opposite or reverse of something. E.g. You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid. Women suffering from anorexia are still convinced that their thin, frail bodies are fat and unsightly. Conversely, some people who are a great deal heavier than they should be can persuade themselves that they are ‘just right’. When the press was biased towards the political right, television coverage tended to lean to the left. Conversely, if the press swung heavily to the left, television would have to redress the balance by leaning to the right. Some wrong answers were marked right and, conversely, some right answers had been rejected.
  • Instead: in the place of somebody/something. E.g. He didn't reply. Instead, he turned on his heel and left the room. The committee has rejected our proposal. Instead, they have brought forward an alternative plan.
  • Turn/spin on your heel: to turn around suddenly so that you are facing in the opposite direction.  
  • Likewise: the same; in a similar way. E.g. He voted for the change and he expected his colleagues to do likewise. The character of the lake has changed and the character of the surrounding area likewise. 
  • On the contrary: used to introduce a statement that says the opposite of the last one. E.g. ‘It must have been terrible.’ ‘On the contrary, I enjoyed every minute.’ The risk of infection hasn't diminished – on the contrary, it has increased. 
  • Otherwise: used to state what the result would be if something did not happen or if the situation were different. E.g. My parents lent me the money. Otherwise, I couldn't have afforded the trip. Shut the window, otherwise it'll get too cold in here. We're committed to the project. We wouldn't be here otherwise. 
Ex 5
  • Overlength: longer than is standard. E.g. Read this overlength answer. 
  • Go along: 1 to continue with an activity. E.g. He made up the story as he went along. 2 to make progress; to develop. E.g. Things are going along nicely.
  • Outcome: /ˈaʊtkʌm/ the result or effect of an action or event. E.g. We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations. These costs are payable whatever the outcome of the case. We are confident of a successful outcome. Four possible outcomes have been identified.
  • Highlight something: to emphasize something, especially so that people give it more attention. E.g. The report highlights the major problems facing society today.