On Screen p 27. Our Forest School. Extra Cloze

It's important that a child not (1)________ up without an understanding of the natural world, and our forest school (2)_________ that possible. Built on the edge of the Ashley forest, we offer the chance to learn, explore and create. Experts recommend that a child (3)________ risks while growing up and the forest (4)____________ them the chance to do just that, but in a safe environment. We don't propose that every child (5)_________ all day outside of course, but a large portion of our time is (6)________ in the forest working on a variety of projects. We recommend that your child (7)_______ us for a day to learn more about the incredible work that is (8)________. Call now to book a place!
NB We ask that children not (9)________ toys with them but (10)________ warm clothes with them instead.

KEY
1. grow



2. makes



3. take



4. allows/ gives/ offers



5. spend



6. spent



7. visit



8. done



9. bring



10. have/ take

On Screen p 26. All Work and No Play? The Subjunctive. Extra Cloze

All Work and No Play? Not In Our Office!
Jeff is a software designer at a small software company. He is playing table tennis at work, but that's not a problem because his company insists that he (1)_________ part of his work day playing! His boss asks that he (2)___________ a break every couple of hours to do something fun. Many psychologists now recommend that a person (3)__________ more time playing and less time working. They say it is essential that a worker (4)_________ and (5)____________ fun in order to be more productive. They also say it is important that a person not (6)__________ too many hours without taking a break. Also, it is recommended that everyone (7)_________ a sport or game during at least some of those breaks. Of course, most companies don't demand that an employee (8)_________ time off to play. Some simply suggest that a worker not (9)_________ the whole day at the desk. Some final advice from Jeff, though: "Just don't spend too long playing and forget to work. It definitely isn't recommended that one (10)________ all the time.

KEY
1. spend



2. take



3. spend



4. relax



5. have



6. work



7. play



8. take



9. spend



10. play

Objective Proficiency p 116. Vocabulary

2002 Edition p 118: 
Paper 1 Part 4 Text

• Leach (from something) (into something)/ leach out/away (of chemicals, minerals, etc.): to be removed from soil, etc. by water passing through it. E.g. Nitrates (/ˈnaɪtreɪts/) leach from the soil into rivers.
• Obsolescence: /ˌɒbsəˈlesns/ the state of becoming old-fashioned and no longer useful. E.g. products with built-in/planned obsolescence (= designed not to last long so that people will have to buy new ones).
• Refurbish something: /ˌriːˈfɜːbɪʃ/ to clean and decorate a room, building, etc. in order to make it more attractive, more useful, etc. E.g. The theatre has been extensively refurbished.
• Cadmium: / ˈkædmiəm/ (symb. Cd) a chemical element. Cadmium is a soft poisonous bluish-white metal that is used in batteries and nuclear reactors. Sp. cadmio.
• Mercury: /ˈmɜːkjəri / (symb. Hg) a chemical element. Mercury is a poisonous silver liquid metal, used in thermometers.
• Dioxin: /daɪˈɒksɪn/ a chemical used in industry and farming. Most dioxins are poisonous.
• Topsoil: the layer of soil nearest the surface of the ground.
• Granulated: /ˌɡrænjuleɪtɪd/ in the form of small grains.
• Mulch: /mʌltʃ/ material, for example, decaying leaves, that you put around a plant to protect its base and its roots, to improve the quality of the soil or to stop weeds growing. Sp. mantillo.

     

• Mutton: / ˈmʌtn/ meat from a fully grown sheep.   
• Supersede something/somebody: [often passive] to take the place of something/somebody that is considered to be old-fashioned or no longer the best available. Sp. Reemplazar. E.g. The theory has been superseded by more recent research. 
• Hangar: /ˈhæŋɡə(r)/ a large building with an extensive floor area, typically for housing, building or repairing aircraft.

• Outfit: an organization, especially a small firm. E.g. Is this a nationwide company, or a local outfit? 
• Turnover (of something): the total amount of goods or services sold by a company during a particular period of time. Sp. facturación. E.g. an annual turnover of $75 million. A fall in turnover.
• Disposal: /dɪˈspəʊzl/ the act of getting rid of something. E.g. the disposal of nuclear waste.
• Lurk: /lɜːk/ to wait somewhere secretly, especially because you are going to do something bad or illegal. Sp. merodear. E.g.  Why are you lurking around outside my house? A crocodile was lurking just below the surface.  
• Decommission sth: /ˌdiːkəˈmɪʃn/ to officially stop using weapons, a nuclear power station, etc. Sp. Retirar, desmantelar. E.g. we need to decommission old nuclear power stations.  
• Warehouse: a building where large quantities of goods are stored, especially before they are sent to shops/stores to be sold.
• Surreal: /səˈriːəl/ very strange; more like a dream than reality, with ideas and images mixed together in a strange way. Sp. Surrealista. E.g. surreal images. The play was a surreal mix of fact and fantasy.
• Paddle: to move a small boat through water using a paddle (a short pole with a flat wide part at one or both ends). Sp. Remar. E.g. We paddled downstream for about a mile. We paddled the canoe along the coast.
• Sargasso Sea: /sɑːˈɡæsəʊ/   it is in the middle of the North Atlantic. All the currents deposit the marine plants and refuse they carry into this sea.

• Shoal: /ʃəʊl/ 1. a large number of fish swimming together as a group. Sp. banco. E.g. shoals of herring. Squid travel in shoals. 2. a large number of people or things. Sp. montón. E.g.  shoals of people were coming up the drive.
• Beach (something): to come or bring something out of the water and onto the beach. E.g. He beached the boat and lifted the boy onto the shore.
• Adhesive: / ədˈhiːsɪv/ that can stick to something. Sticky. E.g adhesive tape.
• Pallet: /ˈpælət/ a heavy wooden or metal base that can be used for moving or storing goods.
• Grimy: /ˈɡraɪmi/ covered with dirt. E.g. grimy hands/windows. His clothes were grimy and bloodstained. 
• Crate: /kreɪt/ a large wooden container for transporting goods. Sp. Cajón. E.g. a crate of bananas.
• Stacked: /stækt/ if a surface is stacked with objects, there are large numbers or piles of them on it. E.g. a table stacked with glasses. Shelves stacked with files.
• Acid-green: /ˈæsɪd/

• Circuitry: /ˈsɜːkɪtri / a system of electrical circuits or the equipment that forms this. Sp. Sistema de circuitos.
• Fillet sth: / ˈfɪlɪt/ to remove the bones from a piece of fish or meat; to cut fish or meat into fillets.
• Flimsy: /ˈflɪmzi/ 1. badly made and not strong enough for the purpose for which it is used. Sp. frágil. E.g. a flimsy table. 2. thin and easily torn. Sp. endeble. E.g. a flimsy piece of paper/fabric/plastic.
• Forlorn: /fəˈlɔːn/ (of a person) appearing lonely and unhappy. E.g. She looked so forlorn, standing there in the rain. 
• Heap (of something): an untidy pile of something. The building was reduced to a heap of rubble. A compost heap. His clothes lay in a heap on the floor. Worn-out car tyres were stacked in heaps.  
• Disembowel somebody/something: /ˌdɪsɪmˈbaʊəl/ to take the stomach, bowels and other organs out of a person or animal.
• Featureless: /ˈfiːtʃələs/ without any qualities or noticeable characteristics. E.g. The countryside is flat and featureless.
• Scrub: to clean something by rubbing it hard, perhaps with a brush and usually with soap and water. E.g. I found him in the kitchen, scrubbing the floor. He stepped into the shower and scrubbed himself all over.
• Cannibalise something: to take the parts of a machine, vehicle, etc. and use them to repair or build another. 
• Crunch something up: to crush something completely. Sp. triturar. E.g. He crunched up the empty pack and threw it out of the window.
• Landfill: an area of land where large amounts of waste material are buried under the earth. Sp. vertedero. E.g. The map shows the position of the new landfills. A landfill site.
• Scrap: things that are not wanted or cannot be used for their original purpose, but which have some value for the material they are made of. Sp. chatarra. E.g. We sold the car for scrap (= so that any good parts can be used again). Scrap metal. A scrap dealer (= a person who buys and sells scrap).
• Strip mining: a type of mining in which coal is taken out of the ground near the surface. 
• Set: likely to do something; ready for something or to do something. E.g. set for something The team looks set for victory. Set to do something Interest rates look set to rise again. Be set to leave by 10 o'clock.
• Retailer: a person or business that sells goods to the public. Sp. minorista. E.g. one of the country's largest food retailers.
• Polystyrene: /ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn/ a very light soft plastic that is usually white, used especially for making containers that prevent heat loss. Sp. poliestireno. E.g. polystyrene cups.

• Stuff: to fill a space or container tightly with something. E.g. The fridge is stuffed to bursting. All the drawers were stuffed full of letters and papers. 
• On your/the/its way: going or coming.  E.g. I'd better be on my way (= I must leave) soon. The letter should be on its way to you. 
• Mournful: /ˈmɔːnfl/ very sad. E.g. mournful eyes. Mournful music. I couldn't bear the mournful look on her face. 
• Lap: (of water) to touch something gently and regularly, often making a soft sound. E.g. The waves lapped around our feet. The sound of water lapping against the boat. 
• Haunt: /hɔːnt/ 1. Haunt something/somebody if the ghost of a dead person haunts a place, people say that they have seen it there. E.g. A headless rider haunts the country lanes. I'll come back to haunt you!  2. Haunt somebody to continue to cause problems for somebody for a long time. E.g. That decision came back to haunt him. She has been haunted by her past during her career.

Objective Proficiency p 115. Vocabulary

2002 Edition p 117: 
Ex 2

• Pest: an insect or animal that destroys plants, food, etc. Sp. plaga. E.g. pest control. Insect/plant/garden pests.
• Pose something: to create a threat, problem, etc. that has to be dealt with. E.g. to pose a threat /challenge /danger /risk. The task poses no special problems.
• Remarkable: /rɪˈmɑːkəbl /unusual or surprising in a way that causes people to take notice. E.g. a remarkable achievement/career/talent. What is even more remarkable about the whole thing is…
• Get, etc. somewhere under your own steam: (informal) to go somewhere without help from other people. E.g. I'll get to the party under my own steam.
• Excess: /ɪkˈses/ more than is necessary, reasonable or acceptable. E.g. The increase will not be in excess of (= more than) two per cent.
• Produce: / ˈprɒdjuːs/ [uncountable] things that have been made or grown, especially things connected with farming. Sp. productos alimenticios. E.g. farm produce. The shop sells only fresh local produce. It says on the label ‘Produce of France’. 
• Cargo: / ˈkɑːɡəʊ/ the goods carried in a ship or plane. Sp. Carga. E.g. The tanker began to spill its cargo of oil. A cargo ship.
• Smuggle: to take, send or bring goods or people secretly and illegally into or out of a country, etc. Sp. Hacer contrabando. E.g. They were caught smuggling diamonds into the country. He managed to smuggle a gun into the prison. Smuggled drugs. We do not yet know how the bomb was smuggled abroad.
• Stowaway: a person who hides in a ship or plane before it leaves, in order to travel without paying or being seen. 

Ex 4

• Terrapin: /ˈterəpɪn/ a small turtle (= a reptile with a hard round shell), that lives in warm rivers and lakes in N America.
• Mutant: / ˈmjuːtənt/ different in some way from others of the same kind because of a change in its genetic structure. E.g. a mutant gene. A mutant strain (type) of the virus.
• Vicious: /ˈvɪʃəs/ (of animals) aggressive and dangerous. E.g. a vicious dog.
• Walter Raleigh: /ˈrɔːli/, /ˈræli/, or /ˈrɑːli/ was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. He is also well known for popularising tobacco in England. He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen Elizabeth I, and was knighted in 1585. He was involved in the early English colonisation of Virginia under a royal patent. In 1591 he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London. After his release, they retired to his estate at Sherborne, Dorset.
• Myxomatosis: / ˌmɪksəməˈtəʊsɪs/ an infectious disease of rabbits that usually causes death.
• Dietary: / ˈdaɪətəri/ E.g. dietary advice/changes/habits. Dietary fibre. Chocolate is a dietary change that has been introduced.
• Cocoa: / ˈkəʊkəʊ/ dark brown powder made from the crushed seeds (called cocoa beans) of a tropical tree.

Objective Proficiency p 114. Vocabulary

2002 Edition p 116:
Ex 1
Text A

• Far off: a long distance away. E.g. a far-off land. 
• Landmass: a large area of land, for example a continent. E.g. 2500 kilometres from the neares landmass.
• Wage: to begin and continue a war, a battle, etc. E.g. The rebels have waged a guerrilla war since 2007. Wage something against/on somebody/something He alleged that a press campaign was being waged against him.
• Gough: /ɡɒf/ 
• Warfare: the activity of fighting a war, especially using particular weapons or methods. E.g. air/naval/guerrilla, etc. warfare. Countries engaged in warfare. 
• A foregone conclusion: if you say that something is a foregone conclusion, you mean that it is a result that is certain to happen. Sp. de prever. E.g. The outcome of the vote is a foregone conclusion.
• Battered: / ˈbætəd /attacked violently and injured; attacked and badly damaged by weapons or by bad weather. E.g. battered women/children The child had suffered what has become known as ‘battered baby syndrome.’Rockets and shells continued to hit the battered port. After the hurricane, thousands were rescued from the battered coastal towns.
• Unbowed: /ˌʌnˈbaʊd/ not defeated or not ready to accept defeat. E.g. The losing team left the field bloody but unbowed.
• Overrun, overran, overrun: to fill or spread over an area quickly, especially in large numbers. Sp. invadir. E.g. The house was completely overrun with mice. Enemy soldiers had overrun the island. The tiny village was overrun by tourists.
• Intrepid: /ɪnˈtrepɪd/ very brave; not afraid of danger or difficulties. Fearless. Sp. intrépido. E.g.an intrepid explorer.
• Stretch: a continuous period of time. Spell. E.g. They worked in four-hour stretches. She used to read for hours at a stretch (= without stopping). 
• Scope: the opportunity or ability to do or achieve something. Sp. posibilidades. E.g. There's still plenty of scope for improvement. Her job offers very little scope for promotion. The extra money will give us the scope to improve our facilities. First try to do something that is within your scope. 
• Grudge match: a match where there is strong dislike between the teams and they take revenge on each other.
• Dingo / ˈdɪŋɡəʊ/ plural dingoes: a wild Australian dog.

• Yam: the large root of a tropical plant that is cooked as a vegetable. Sp. boniato, ñame. 

• Stowaway: a person who hides in a ship or plane before it leaves, in order to travel without paying or being seen.
• Utility: the quality of being useful. Usefulness. E.g. This information is of the highest utility to a historian.
• Idiocy: /ˈɪdiəsi/ very stupid behaviour; the state of being very stupid. Stupidity. Sp. Idiotez. E.g. It is sheer idiocy to go climbing in this weather. 
• Go on to do something: to do something after completing something else. E.g. The book goes on to describe his experiences in the army. After her early teaching career she went on to become a doctor.

1. 

• Overcome somebody/something to defeat somebody. E.g. In the final game Sweden easily overcame France.

Objective Proficiency p 113. Ways to Say "Said". Extra Grammar

Objective Proficiency p 113. Vocabulary

Ex 5

• Suggest: E.g. I suggested going in my car. I suggest (that) we go out to eat.
• Declare: to state something firmly and clearly. E.g. Few people dared to declare their opposition to the regime. He declared that he was in love with her. 
• Decide: E.g. We've decided not to go away after all. Why did you decide to look for a new job? She decided (that) she wanted to live in France.
• Sigh: /saɪ/ to say something with a sigh. Sp. suspirar. E.g. ‘Oh well, better luck next time,’ she sighed. 
• Catch your death (of cold):  (old-fashioned, informal) to catch a very bad cold.
• Object: E.g. I really object to being charged for parking. He objected that the police had arrested him without sufficient evidence.
• Claim: to say that something is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believe it. E.g. He claims (that) he was not given a fair hearing.  I don't claim to be an expert.
• Insist on doing sth: E.g. They insist on playing their music late at night.  
• Refuse to do something: E.g. He flatly refused to discuss the matter. She refused to accept that there was a problem. 

Ex 5

• Tentative: /tentətɪvli/ not behaving or done with confidence. Hesitantly. E.g. They have tentatively agreed to our proposal. She smiled tentatively.
• Reluctantly: /rɪˈlʌktəntli/ E.g. We reluctantly agreed to go with her. Reluctantly, he started the engine and drove off.
• Resignedly: /rɪˈzaɪnɪdli/ being willing to calmly accept something unpleasant or difficult that you cannot change. E.g. ‘I suppose you're right,’ she said resignedly.
• Peevishly: /ˈpiːvɪʃli/ easily annoyed by unimportant things; bad-tempered. Sp. de mala manera. E.g.  ‘It's your own fault,’ she said peevishly.
• Stubbornly: / ˈstʌbənli / determined not to change your opinion or attitude. E.g. She stubbornly refused to pay.
• Categorically: /ˌkætəˈɡɒrɪkli/ expressed clearly and in a way that shows that you are very sure about what you are saying. Sp. rotundamente. E.g. He categorically rejected our offer.  

Ex 6

• Sarcastically: E.g. ‘John can't come.’ ‘What a shame,’ my brother said sarcastically.   
• Pedantically: /pɪˈdæntɪkli/ too worried about small details or rules. E.g. "This large pastry shell is called vol-au-vent," she said pedantically. 
• Absent-mindedly: tending to forget things, perhaps because you are not thinking about what is around you, but about something else. E.g. She absent-mindedly twisted a strand (a single piece) of hair around her fingers.
• Decisively: /dɪˈsaɪsɪvli/ able to decide something quickly and with confidence. E.g. She shook her head decisively.
• Blankly: /ˈblæŋkli / showing no feeling, understanding or interest. E.g. She stared blankly into space, not knowing what to say next.
• Rudely: E.g. ‘What do you want?’ she asked rudely. 
• Cautiously: / ˈkɔːʃəsli/ being careful about what you say or do, especially to avoid danger or mistakes; not taking any risks. E.g. She looked cautiously around and then walked away from the house.

Ex 7

• Breed, bred, bred: to keep animals or plants in order to produce young ones in a controlled way. E.g. The rabbits are bred for their long coats. Greyhounds were originally bred as hunting dogs. The first panda to be bred in captivity.
• Nomad: /ˈnəʊmæd/ a member of a community that moves with its animals from place to place. 
• Drift: to move or go somewhere slowly. E.g. The crowd drifted away from the scene of the accident. Her gaze drifted around the room. People began to drift back to their houses.
• A game animal: a bird that people hunt for sport or food.  
• Spring up, sprang, sprung: to appear or develop quickly and/or suddenly. E.g. Play areas for children are springing up all over the place. Opposition groups are springing up like mushrooms.
• Hamlet: /ˈhæmlət/ a very small village.
• For something's sake: because of the interest or value something has, not because of the advantages it may bring. E.g. I believe in education for its own sake. Art for art's sake.
• Aristotle: /ˈær ɪ stɒt əl / 
• Pliny: /ˈplɪn i/
• Dilettante: /ˌdɪləˈtænti/ pl dilettanti /ˌdɪləˈtæntiː/ or dilettante: a person who does or studies something but is not serious about it and does not have much knowledge. E.g. a dilettante artist (Sp. de poca monta)
• Second-rate: not very good or impressive. E.g. a second-rate player.
• Menagerie: /məˈnædʒəri/ a collection of wild animals.
• Keep/lose track of somebody/something: to have/not have information about what is happening or where somebody/something is. Sp. mantener un registro. E.g. Bank statements help you keep track of where your money is going. I lost all track of time (= forgot what time it was). 

Objective Proficiency p 112. The Subjunctive for Past Events. Extra Exercise

Use the following verbs in the subjunctive. Use the negative or passive forms if necessary.
accept, give, break, wear, change, call, go, contact, leave, come, award, buy, exclude, go, travel, bury
1. The doctor insisted that he ____________ to the hospital for a series of tests
2. She left a suicide note asking that she __________ with her most cherished possessions.
3. I suggested to Charlie that he ___________ with me but he turned pale at the idea.
4. He had tried to call her during the week, but she had insisted that he ___________ at home and there was no other number he could try.
5. Her father had had a slight stroke and the doctors recommended that he __________.
6. They suggested he ___________ a different person.
7. They expressed the wish that she __________ the award.
8. We insisted that he __________ at once.
9. Someone suggested that they __________ into small groups.
10. It was his doctor who advised that he ___________ his job.
11. The school principal suggested that he __________ a scholarship.
12. The management insisted that he ________ a dark suit to the meeting.
13. He suggested that she ___________ clubbing with him.
14. He proposed that she __________ his half of the business.
15. At yesterday's hearing the judge insisted that Mr Grant __________ evidence despite his relationship to the accused.
16. Members of the committee suggested England ____________ from future international tournaments.

KEY

1. The doctor insisted that he go to the hospital for a series of tests



2. She left a suicide note asking that she be buried with her most cherished possessions.



3. I suggested to Charlie that he come with me but he turned pale at the idea.



4. He had tried to call her during the week, but she had insisted that he not call at home and there was no other number he could try.



5. Her father had had a slight stroke and the doctors recommended that he not travel.



6. They suggested he contact a different person.



7. They expressed the wish that she accept the award.



8. We insisted that he leave at once.



9. Someone suggested that they break into small groups.



10. It was his doctor who advised that he change his job.



11. The school principal suggested that he be awarded a scholarship.



12. The management insisted that he wear a dark suit to the meeting.



13. He suggested that she go clubbing with him.



14. He proposed that she buy his half of the business.



15. At yesterday's hearing the judge insisted that Mr Grant give evidence despite his relationship to the accused.



16. Members of the committee suggested England be excluded from future international tournaments.

Objective Proficiency p 112. The Subjunctive. Extra Grammar

Related story:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv201.shtml

We use the present subjunctive, which has the same form as the base form of the verb, in that-clauses. We put not before the verb in the negative subjunctive. We can use should instead of the subjunctive. It can be used to refer to events in the past, present or future. 
With verbs: ask, demand, insist, propose, recommend, suggest, require, advise, request, beg, command, direct, instruct, intend, order, prefer, stipulate, urge, warn (that).
Examples:

Her parents suggested that she wake early tomorrow.
They suggested that Mrs Giddy be appointed as deputy head on a temporary basis.
They ask that she send copies of her identity documents
The airline representative recommended that he check in at least three hours before departure.
We asked that he not smoke inside.
The organisation's director proposed that cash donations not be accepted.
The receptionist suggested that guests not bring sleeping bags.


With adjectives: recommended, (un)necessary, essential, better/best, important, advisable, desirable, preferable, vital, crucial, imperative, obligatory, urgent, appalling, (in)appropriate, (in)conceivable.
Examples:
It is best that our son spend time outdoors.
It is recommended that you not drink coffee late at night.
It is essential that no one (should) feel excluded.
It is vital that every voice (should) be heard.

With nouns expressing orders, rules or suggestions:
It is our recommendation that he (should) not say anything until the investigation is over.
Isn't there a rule that safety equipment (should) be worn whenever machinery is running?
They gave instructions that all passengers (should) have passport ready for inspection.
The school had a requirement that uniforms (should) be worn at all times.


Alternatives to the subjunctive

With verbs insist and demand there is no alternative
Example:
The electric company is demanding that the customer pay immediately.

With verbs ask and require we can use the infinitive
Example:
The shop requires customers to exchange unwanted items within 30 days.

With verbs require, recommend, suggest and propose we can use the gerund.
Example:
What do you recommend doing in Paris?

With adjectives important, essential, vital, necessary, better/best.
It (+would) + be + adj. (+ for + object) + inf.
Examples:
It's important for you to listen carefully.
It would be better to rest before your exam tomorrow.
It's important to discuss any problems you may be having with your supervisor.

There are some fixed expressions which use the subjunctive forms:
If he doesn't want to see us, then so be it (= then let it happen).
Bless you!
Long live the republic/ king!
'There is very little chance of winning this case'. 'Be that as it may (=whether that is true or not), I'm not going to give up fighting.'
I'll take it all the way to the Supreme Court if need be (=if this is necessary)
Suffice (it) to say (=it is enough to say), Mike won't be going to Tina's ​birthday ​party after what he said about her to her ​boss.

Exercise
Complete with an affirmative or negative verb form
1. Experts say it's important that a child ________ inside all day.
2. They recommend that everyone ________ at least 30 minutes of fresh air a day.
3. It's essential that a child _____________ too much time in front of the TV.
4. Parents should insist that their child's school __________ children outside at break time.
5. It's recommended that a child _________ touch with nature.
6. Experts suggest that a parent __________ their child too much and _______ them take some risks.
7. Doctors ask that a child ___________ fit through outside play.
8. It is of vital importance that the head teacher _________ present at the interviews when other teachers are selected.
9. He insisted that he ________ playing football in the office.
10. She asked that she _______ kept informed of developments.



KEY
1. not stay


2. have


3. not spend


4. allow



5. not lose



6. not protect



let



7. keep



8. be



9. stop



10. be

Objective Proficiency p 112. Vocabulary

Ex 1

• Endanger: /ɪnˈdeɪndʒə(r)/ to put somebody/something in a situation in which they could be harmed or damaged. E.g. The health of our children is being endangered by exhaust fumes. That one mistake seriously endangered the future of the company. The sea turtle is an endangered species (= it may soon no longer exist).  
• Ascension frigate bird: /əˈsenʃn/ /ˈfrɪɡət/ a tropical bird that lives near the sea, with dark feathers and a long beak with a hook.

• Gorilla: /ɡəˈrɪlə/ 
• Bison: /ˈbaɪsn/ 

Ex 2

• Rhino: /ˈraɪnəʊ/ plural rhinos.
• Rhinoceros: /raɪˈnɒsərəs/ plural rhinoceros or rhinoceroses.
• Biodiversity: /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/ the existence of a large number of different kinds of animals and plants which make a balanced environment. E.g. The mining project threatens one of the world's richest areas of biodiversity.
• Range (of something): /reɪndʒ/ a variety of things of a particular type. E.g. The hotel offers a wide range of facilities. There is a full range of activities for children. This material is available in a huge range of colours.
• Albeit: /ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt/ although. E.g. He finally agreed, albeit reluctantly, to help us.
• Enclosure: /ɪnˈkləʊʒə(r)/ a piece of land that is surrounded by a fence or wall and is used for a particular purpose. E.g. a wildlife enclosure. In most places rhinos live either in fenced enclosures or under armed guard.
• Out-of-the-way: far from a town or city. E.g. a little out-of-the-way place on the coast.
• Roam: /rəʊm/ to walk or travel around an area without any definite aim or direction. Wander. E.g. The sheep are allowed to roam freely on this land. To roam the countryside/the streets, etc.
• Come to something: to reach a particular situation, especially a bad one. E.g. The doctors will operate if necessary—but it may not come to that. Who'd have thought things would come to this (= become so bad)? 
• Slaughter: /ˈslɔːtə(r)/ the killing of animals for their meat. E.g. cows taken for slaughter.
• Launch something: to start an activity, especially an organized one. E.g. To launch an appeal/an inquiry/an investigation/a campaign. To launch an attack/invasion.
• Poach: /pəʊtʃ/ to illegally hunt birds, animals or fish on somebody else's property or without permission. Sp. Cazar furtivamente. E.g. The elephants are poached for their tusks.
• Rife: /raɪf/ if something bad or unpleasant is rife in a place, it is very common there. Widespread. E.g. It is a country where corruption is rife. Rumours are rife that he is going to resign.
• Harsh: /hɑːʃ/ very difficult and unpleasant to live in. E.g. a harsh winter/wind/climate. The harsh conditions of poverty which existed for most people at that time.
• Thrive: /θraɪv/ to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc. Sp. prosperar, crecer con fuerza. E.g. New businesses thrive in this area. These animals rarely thrive in captivity.    

Ex 3  

• Gist: /dʒɪst/ (usually the gist) the main or general meaning of a piece of writing, a speech or a conversation. Sp. lo esencial. E.g. to get (= understand) the gist of an argument. I missed the beginning of the lecture—can you give me the gist of what he said? I'm afraid I don't quite follow your gist (= what you really mean). Students are taught the skills of reading and listening for gist.
• Roam: / rəʊm/ to walk or travel around an area without any definite aim or direction. Wander. E.g. The sheep are allowed to roam freely on this land.  To roam the countryside/the streets, etc.
• Footprint: /ˈfʊtprɪnt/ a mark left on a surface by a person's foot or shoe or by an animal's foot. E.g. footprints in the sand.
• Outline: to give a description of the main facts or points involved in something. Sp. explicar resumidamente. E.g. We outlined our proposals to the committee.

P. 185

• Was not to: must changes to had to and mustn't becomes was not to for obligation in reported speech. E.g. you mustn't tell my mother: she said I was not to tell her mother.
• Rubbish tip: a place where you can take rubbish/garbage and leave it. Sp. Vertedero.

Ex 4 

• Scum: /skʌm/ an insulting word for people that you strongly disapprove of. Sp. escoria. E.g. Don't waste your sympathy on scum like that. Drug dealers are the scum of the earth (= the worst people there are).
• Abuse: rude and offensive remarks, usually made when somebody is very angry. E.g. to scream/hurl/shout abuse. She screamed abuse at Tom. A stream/torrent of abuse. The man burst into a torrent of foul-mouthed racist abuse.
• Hurl: 1. to throw something/somebody violently in a particular direction. E.g. He hurled a brick through the window. 2. hurl abuse, accusations, insults, etc. (at somebody) to shout insults, etc. at somebody. E.g. Rival fans hurled abuse at each other.
• Foul-mouthed: using rude, offensive language. E.g. a foul-mouthed racist.
• Scold: /skəʊld/ to speak angrily to somebody, especially a child, because they have done something wrong. E.g. He scolded them for arriving late.
• Stern: serious and often disapproving; expecting somebody to obey you. E.g. a stern face/expression/look. Sternly (adv) /stɜːnli/ E.g. The librarian sternly told us off for talking. 

Objective Proficiency p 111. The Environment. Extra Speaking

Vocabulary 
Run: to become different in a particular way, especially a bad way. E.g. The river ran dry (= stopped flowing) during the drought. 
Oil slick: an area of oil that is floating on the surface of the sea. E.g. A 50 km slick from the damaged tanker

Objective Proficiency p 111. Vocabulary

Ex 6

• Persons: people is neutral; persons is used in notices and government handouts. E.g. This vehicle is licensed to carry 4 persons (= in a notice). (Law) The verdict was murder by a person or persons unknown. Each of the persons using unlawful violence is guilty of riot.
• Amelioration: /əˌmiːliəˈreɪʃn/ (formal) [uncountable] the act of making something better. Improvement. E.g. progress brings with it the amelioration of the human condition.
• Bloke: (British English, informal) a man. E.g. He seemed like a nice bloke.
• Frequent something: /friˈkwent/ (formal) to visit a particular place often. E.g. We met in a local bar much frequented by students. Less frequented roads. Bears which persisted in frequenting developed areas.
• Reckon (that): /ˈrekən/ (informal, especially British English) to think something or have an opinion about something. E.g. I reckon (that) I'm going to get that job. He'll be famous one day. What do you reckon (= do you agree)? It's worth a lot of money, I reckon. ‘They'll never find out.’ ‘You reckon? ’ (= I think you may be wrong about that).
• Booze: /buːz/ (informal) (usually used in the progressive tenses) to drink alcohol, especially in large quantities. E.g. He's out boozing with his mates.  
• Mate: (informal) a friend. E.g. They've been best mates since school. I was with a mate. 
• Fellow: (informal, becoming old-fashioned) a way of referring to a man or boy. E.g. He's a nice old fellow. 
• Guy: (informal) a man. E.g. a big/nice/tough guy. A Dutch guy. At the end of the film the bad guy gets shot.
• Snap: (also snapshot) (informal) a photograph, especially one taken quickly. E.g. holiday snaps.
• Plus: (informal) an advantage; a good thing. E.g. Knowledge of French is a plus in her job. There were a lot of pluses in the performance. 
• Lousy: /ˈlaʊzi / (informal) very bad. Terrible. E.g. What lousy weather! I've had a lousy day. She felt lousy (= ill). 
• Prudent: /ˈpruːdnt/ (formal) sensible and careful when you make judgements and decisions; avoiding unnecessary risks. E.g. a prudent businessman. A prudent decision/investment. It might be more prudent to get a second opinion before going ahead.
• Guts: [plural] (informal) the courage and determination that it takes to do something difficult or unpleasant. E.g. He doesn't have the guts to walk away from a well-paid job.
• Becoming: /bɪˈkʌmɪŋ/ (formal) 1. looking good on someone. Attractive. E.g.  what a becoming dress! Her new hairstyle was very becoming. 2. suitable or appropriate: do not talk too much to your cousins, it’s not becoming. 
• Interchangeable: /ˌɪntəˈtʃeɪndʒəbl/ (adj) that can be exchanged. Interchangeably: (Adv) E.g. These terms are used interchangeably.
• Rife:/ raɪf /if something bad or unpleasant is rife in a place, it is very common there. Widespread. It is a country where corruption is rife. Rumours are rife that he is going to resign.

Ex7

• Broke: having no money. E.g. I'm always broke by the end of the month. 
• Destitute: /ˈdestɪtjuːt/ without money, food and the other things necessary for life. E.g. When he died, his family was left completely destitute (Sp. quedó en la indigencia).
• Slender: thin in an attractive or elegant way. E.g. her slender figure. Long, slender fingers. A slender young woman.
• Opponent: /əˈpəʊnənt/ a person that you are playing or fighting against in a game, competition, argument, etc.E.g. a political opponent. A dangerous/worthy/formidable opponent. The team's opponents are unbeaten so far this season.
• Tiptoe: /ˈtɪptəʊ/(+ adverb/preposition)to walk using the front parts of your feet only, so that other people cannot hear you. E.g. I tiptoed over to the window.
• Sneak: + adverb/preposition to go somewhere secretly, trying to avoid being seen. Do something underhand (adj. secret and dishonest). E.g. Did you sneak into my room while I was asleep?
• Shout: to say something in a loud voice; to speak loudly and often angrily to somebody. Stop shouting and listen!  ‘Run!’ he shouted. Babies yell, they can't really shout.
• Woodland: an area of land that is covered with trees. Sp. bosque. E.g. ancient woodland. The house is fringed by fields and woodlands. Woodland walks.
• Ravage: / ˈrævɪdʒ/ to damage something badly. Sp. arrasado, asolado. E.g. a country ravaged by civil war. A recession that has ravaged the textile industry.
• Strike somebody/something: (formal) to hit somebody/something hard or with force. E.g. The ship struck a rock. The child ran into the road and was struck by a car. The tree was struck by lightning. He fell, striking his head on the edge of the table. The stone struck her on the forehead.
• Trickle: to flow, or to make something flow, slowly in a thin stream. E.g. Tears were trickling down her cheeks.
• Leak: to allow liquid or gas to get in or out through a small hole or crack. E.g. a leaking pipe. The roof was leaking.

Ex 8

• Outline: a description of the main facts or points involved in something. Sp. resumen. E.g. This is a brief outline of the events. You should draw up a plan or outline for the essay. The book describes in outline the main findings of the research. An outline agreement/proposal. 
• At/from the outset (of something): at/from the beginning of something. E.g. I made it clear right from the outset that I disapproved.
• Outcome: the result or effect of an action or event. E.g. We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations. These costs are payable whatever the outcome of the case. We are confident of a successful outcome. Four possible outcomes have been identified.
• Outlook (for something): the probable future for somebody/something; what is likely to happen. Prospect. Sp. perspectiva. E.g. The outlook for jobs is bleak. The country's economic outlook. The outlook (= the probable weather) for the weekend is dry and sunny.
• Concern about: E.g. There is growing concern about violence on television.
• Attention to: E.g. Please pay attention (= listen carefully) to what I am saying.
• Responsibility for: E.g. We are recruiting a sales manager with responsibility for the European market.
• Consideration of: E.g. a consideration of the legal issues involved.
• Deposition: /ˌdepəˈzɪʃn/ the natural process of leaving a layer of a substance on rocks or soil; a substance left in this way. E.g. marine/river deposition. 
• Chlorofluorocarbon: /ˌklɔːrəʊˈflʊərəʊkɑːbən/ CFC. A type of gas used especially in aerosols (=/ˈeərəsɒl/ types of container that release liquid in the form of a spray). E.g. CFCs are harmful to the earth's ozone layer.
• Depletion: /dɪˈpliːʃn/ reduction in the number or quantity of something. E.g. the depletion of the ozone layer.
• Concerted: /kənˈsɜːtɪd/ done in a planned and determined way, especially by more than one person, government, country, etc. Sp. coordinado, conjunto, decidido.  E.g. a concerted approach/attack/campaign. She has begun to make a concerted effort to find a job.
• Wane: /weɪn/ 1. to become gradually weaker or less important. Sp. decaer, disminuir. E.g. Her enthusiasm for the whole idea was waning rapidly. Their popularity waned during that period. 2. (of the moon) have a progressively smaller part of its visible surface illuminated, so that it appears to decrease in size.
• Diminish: to become or to make something become smaller, weaker, etc. Sp. disminuir, reducirse. E.g. The world's resources are rapidly diminishing. His influence has diminished with time.
• Depreciate: /dɪˈpriːʃieɪt/  to become less valuable over a period of time. E.g. New cars start to depreciate as soon as they are on the road. Shares continued to depreciate on the stock markets today. 
• Curtail: / kɜːˈteɪl/ to limit something or make it last for a shorter time. Sp. acortar, restringir. Spending on books has been severely curtailed. The lecture was curtailed by the fire alarm going off. The government will curtail public spending next year.Civil liberties were further curtailed.
• Limited: not very great in amount or extent. Sp. limitado, restringido. E.g. We are doing our best with the limited resources available. This animal's intelligence is very limited.
• Restricted: limited or small in size or amount. Sp. Limitado, reducido. E.g. A restricted space. A restricted range of foods.
• Confined: /kənˈfaɪnd/ small and surrounded by walls or sides. Sp. Limitado, reducido. E.g. It is cruel to keep animals in confined spaces.    
• Bound something (formal): to form the edge or limit of an area. If an area is bounded by a fence, trees, a river etc, this is what is around its edge. E.g. The property is bounded on the north and east by a large residential neighbourhood. The field was bounded on the left by a wood.   
• Give way to something: to be replaced by something. E.g. The storm gave way to bright sunshine. As he drew nearer, his anxiety gave way to relief.
• Bring about: to make something happen. Cause. E.g. What brought about the change in his attitude?

Ex 8 

• Pedestrianisation: /pəˈdestriənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ the act of making a street or part of a town into an area that is only for people who are walking, not for vehicles.
• Instigate: /ˈɪnstɪɡeɪt/ to make something start or happen, usually something official. Sp. promover. E.g. The government has instigated a programme of economic reform.
• Unsightly: /ʌnˈsaɪtli/ not pleasant to look at. Ugly. E.g. an unsightly scar. Unsightly factories.
• Pedestrianise: / pəˈdestriənaɪz/ to make a street or part of a town into an area that is only for people who are walking, not for vehicles. E.g. Most of the city streets have been pedestrianized. Pedestrianized areas.
• Tub: a large round container without a lid, used for washing clothes in, growing plants in, etc. E.g. There were tubs of flowers on the balcony.

• Admittedly: / ədˈmɪtɪdli/  used, especially at the beginning of a sentence, when you are accepting that something is true. E.g. Admittedly, it is rather expensive but you don't need to use much. Admittedly, Venice wasn't a very big place, but there was little chance of meeting her again accidentally.