framework /ˈfreɪmwɜːk/
1 the parts of a building or an object that support its weight and give it shape. E.g. built on a wooden/metal framework. 2 framework (of/for something) a set of beliefs, ideas or rules that is used as the basis for making judgements, decisions, etc. E.g. The report provides a framework for further research. We are currently exploring new approaches within existing frameworks of practice and thinking. 3 the structure of a particular system. E.g. We need to establish a legal framework for the protection of the environment. The basic framework of society.
update/upturn
Update (noun) /ˈʌpdeɪt/ 1. update (on something) a report or broadcast that gives the most recent information about something; a new version of something containing the most recent information. E.g. a news update. 2 (computing) the most recent improvements to a computer program that are sent to users of the program.
Update (verb) /ˌʌpˈdeɪt/ 1. update something to make something more modern by adding new parts, etc. E.g. It's about time we updated our software. 2 to give somebody the most recent information about something; to add the most recent information to something. Bring up to date. E.g. update somebody (on something) I called the office to update them on the day's developments. Update something Our records are regularly updated.
Upturn /ˈʌptɜːn/ upturn (in something) a situation in which something improves or increases over a period of time. Upswing. E.g. an upturn in the economy. A sharp upturn in the number of tourists visiting the capital. Their fortunes have taken an upturn. The restaurant trade is on the upturn. Opposite: downturn
outfall/outbreak
Outfall: /ˈaʊtfɔːl/ the place where a river, pipe, etc. flows out into the sea. Sp. desagüe. E.g. a sewage outfall.
Sewage: /ˈsuːɪdʒ/ used water and waste substances that are produced by human bodies, that are carried away from houses and factories through special pipes (= sewers)
Outbreak: the sudden start of something unpleasant, especially violence or a disease. E.g. the outbreak of war. An outbreak of typhoid. Outbreaks of rain are expected in the afternoon.
windfall/windbreak/windproof
Windfall: 1 an amount of money that somebody/something wins or receives unexpectedly. Sp. dinero caído del cielo. E.g. The hospital got a sudden windfall of £300000. Windfall profits. The government imposed a windfall tax (= a tax on profits to be paid once only, not every year) on some industries. 2 a fruit, especially an apple, that the wind has blown down from a tree. E.g. The ground was covered with windfalls.
Windbreak: a row of trees, a fence, etc. that provides protection from the wind. E.g. Windbreaks of hedges or walls are used where the winds blow strong off the water.
Windproof: (of a garment or fabric) giving protection from the wind. E.g. My jacket is windproof and waterproof.
rainfall/rainproof
rainfall: the total amount of rain that falls in a particular area in a particular amount of time; an occasion when rain falls. E.g. There has been below average rainfall this month. An average annual rainfall of 10 cm.
rainproof: that can keep rain out. E.g. a rainproof jacket
creditworthy /ˈkredɪtwɜːði/ able to be trusted to pay back money that is owed; safe to lend money to. E.g.
The only customers out there are not creditworthy customers right now.
downfall/downturn
downfall: the loss of a person's money, power, social position, etc; the thing that causes this. E.g. The sex scandal finally led to his downfall. Greed was her downfall.
downturn: downturn (in something) a fall in the amount of business that is done; a time when the economy becomes weaker. E.g. a downturn in sales/trade/business. The economic downturn of 2008/2009.
Ex 3
Skin-deep: not as important or strongly felt as it appears to be. Superficial. E.g. Physical beauty helps, but in the end it's only skin-deep.
Chameleon: /kəˈmiːliən/. a small lizard (= a type of reptile ) that can change colour according to its surroundings. Camaleón.
Wilfully: done deliberately. Sp. Intencionadamente. E.g. They were charged with wilfully neglecting their children.
1 antiquity
Point: to lead to or suggest a particular development or logical argument. E.g. The evidence seems to point in that direction. It points to the conclusion that.
2 dominant
3 customising/izing
Customize (-ise): /ˈkʌstəmaɪz/ to make or change something to suit the needs of the owner. E.g. You can customize the software in several ways.
Mark out: define. Sp. Marcar. E.g. Changing their physical appearance helped our ancestors to mark out differences of role, status and kinship.
4 kinship
Kinship: 1. the fact of being related in a family. Sp. Parentesco. E.g. the ties of kinship. 2. a feeling of being close to somebody because you have similar origins or attitudes. E.g. We tend to feel kinship with those who share the same values.
5 apparently
6 underline
7 Arguably
Arguably: /ˈɑːɡjuəbli/ used (often before a comparative or superlative adjective) when you are stating an opinion that you believe you could give reasons to support. Sp. Podría decirse que. E.g. He is arguably the best actor of his generation.
Capability: (to do something/of doing something) /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/ the ability or qualities necessary to do something. E.g. Animals in the zoo have lost the capability to catch/of catching food for themselves.
8 infinitely
A species: (pl. species) /ˈspiːʃiːz/ a group into which animals, plants, etc. that are able to breed with each other and produce healthy young are divided. Sp. Especie. E.g. a rare species of beetle.
Please note that the plural of species is also species. That's because it comes from Latin. Here you will find a comprehensive list of words with an irregular plural.
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