Objective Proficiency p 47. Keys and Vocabulary

Ex 3
Text 1: 
occur to – dawn on

dawn on somebody [no passive] if something dawns on you, you begin to realize it for the first time. E.g. it dawns on somebody that… Suddenly it dawned on me that they couldn't possibly have met before.  It was several months before the truth finally dawned on me. 

It dawns on someone that. E.g. Little by little it dawned on Archie that his wife was not coming back.

pester – nagging

nag: to keep complaining to somebody about their behaviour or keep asking them to do something. Pester. E.g. nag (at somebody) Stop nagging—I'll do it as soon as I can. Nag somebody (to do something) She had been nagging him to paint the fence.

pester: to annoy somebody, especially by asking them something many times. E.g. Journalists pestered neighbours for information. He has been pestering her with phone calls for over a week.
The horses were continually pestered by flies. The kids kept pestering me to read to them.

including –down to

down to used for emphasizing that everything or everyone is included, even the smallest thing or the least important person. E.g. Everything had been carefully planned, right down to the last detail.      The changes will affect everyone from managing director down to the shopfloor worker.

whim – impulse
whim: /wɪm/ a sudden wish to do or have something, especially when it is something unusual or unnecessary. Sp. antojo, capricho. E.g. He was forced to pander to her every whim. We bought the house on a whim. My duties seem to change daily at the whim of the boss. The whims of fashion. She hires and fires people at whim

impulse: /ˈɪmpʌls/ a sudden strong wish or need to do something, without stopping to think about the results. E.g. The door was open and on (an) impulse she went inside. He tends to act on impulse.

evaluate – weigh up
 weigh up something to consider something carefully before making a decision. E.g. weigh something (up) You must weigh up the pros and cons (= consider the advantages and disadvantages of something). She weighed up all the evidence. Weigh (up) something against something I weighed the benefits of the plan against the risks involved.



Text 2: 
assess – evaluate



extent – scope

scope the opportunity or ability to do or achieve something. E.g. scope (for something) There's still plenty of scope for improvement. Her job offers very little scope for promotion.



claim –contention

claim (that…) a statement that something is true although it has not been proved and other people may not agree with or believe it. E.g. The singer has denied the magazine's claim that she is leaving the band. A report examining claims of corrupt links between politicians.

contention (that…) a belief or an opinion that you express, especially in an argument. E.g. It is our client's contention that the fire was an accident. I would reject that contention.  





essentially – inherently

inherent /ɪnˈhɪərənt/ an inherent  quality is a basic or essential feature that gives something its character. E.g. The design of the building had inherent weaknesses. Inherent in:  What are the long-term risks and dangers inherent in this kind of work? The difficulties inherent in a study of this type. Violence is inherent in our society. An inherent weakness in the design of the machine. 
inherently: essentially. E.g.  Politics is an inherently risky career.

The adverb inherently means in a natural or innate manner. Some people enjoy your inherently cheerful nature, but it drives other people crazy because they find you annoyingly perky (lively).

Inherently is the adverbial form of the adjective inherent. They both come from the Latin word inhaerere, meaning "adhere to," with the root haerere meaning "to stick." Synonyms for inherently include intrinsically and essentially. If you do something inherently, it is so well ingrained in you that it's become part of who you are. If you are inherently late to every meeting, you should probably set your watch 15 minutes early.

exaggerated –overstated 


overstate something to say something in a way that makes it seem more important than it really is. Exaggerate. E.g. He tends to overstate his case when talking politics. The seriousness of the crime cannot be overstated. Her musical talent has been a little overstated. He may have overstated his ability in the interview. 


Ex 5

• Mistrustful (of somebody/something): feeling that you cannot trust somebody/something. E.g. Some people are very mistrustful of computers. Since the accident he has become withdrawn and mistrustful.
• Withdrawn: /wɪðˈdrɔːn/ not wanting to talk to other people; extremely quiet and shy.

Ex 6
KEY
a boredom 



b obsolescence 
Obsolescence: /ˌɒbsəˈlesns/ the state of becoming old-fashioned and no longer useful. E.g. products with built-in/planned obsolescence (= designed not to last long so that people will have to buy new ones).



c awareness 



d pride
 


e confidence 



f austerity 
Austerity: /ɒˈsterəti/ a situation when people do not have much money to spend because there are bad economic conditions. E.g. War was followed by many years of austerity. Austerity measures and economic reforms.



g generosity
 


h independence 



i inefficiency 



j insecurity
 


k meanness 



l Individualism, 



responsibility
 


m aspirations 



n scepticism